{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416799585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11252835","title":"Implementation of RAG-LLM Based AI Agents for Public Service Innovation: RAG System Architecture Analysis and A Cross-National Case Study","display_name":"Implementation of RAG-LLM Based AI Agents for Public Service Innovation: RAG System Architecture Analysis and A Cross-National Case Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416799585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11252835"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11252835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11252835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACIS 29th International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jeesun Ryu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeesun Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soongsil University,Ph.D. Candidate of the Graduate Program in IT Policy and Management,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soongsil University,Ph.D. Candidate of the Graduate Program in IT Policy and Management,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091174358","display_name":"Yoonseuk Woo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoonseuk Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soongsil University,School of Public Administration,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soongsil University,School of Public Administration,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060570519","display_name":"K.W. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyeongghyun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soongsil University,Ph.D. Student of the Graduate Program in IT Policy and Management"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soongsil University,Ph.D. Student of the Graduate Program in IT Policy and Management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40078276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"308","last_page":"321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.26019999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.26019999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.0982000008225441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11937","display_name":"Research Data Management Practices","score":0.05180000141263008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.7498999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector","display_name":"Public sector","score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-service","display_name":"Public service","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.38760000467300415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.7498999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6198999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780110086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161837","display_name":"Public service","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53619493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787093","display_name":"Architecture framework","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57041688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220644","display_name":"Service-oriented architecture","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777705106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5145837","display_name":"Collaborative governance","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11252835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11252835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACIS 29th International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282001993","https://openalex.org/W4401605282"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1,102],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,22,40,60],"Retrieval-Augmented":[4,41],"Generation":[5,42],"(RAG)":[6],"integrated":[7,43],"with":[8,44,115,148,175],"Large":[9,45],"Language":[10,46],"Models":[11,47],"(LLMs)":[12],"is":[13],"transforming":[14],"public":[15,50,195],"sector":[16,196],"services":[17],"by":[18,128,200],"addressing":[19],"the":[20,37,64,77,159],"limitations":[21],"conventional":[23],"AI,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,191],"outdated":[27],"knowledge,":[28],"hallucination,":[29],"and":[30,56,63,74,88,121,134,158,182,207,221,232,239],"regulatory":[31,223],"compliance":[32,133],"challenges.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35,185],"investigates":[36],"transformative":[38],"potential":[39],"(RAG-LLM)":[48],"in":[49,83,136,213],"service":[51],"innovation":[52,197],"through":[53,104],"architectural":[54],"analysis":[55],"cross-national":[57],"case":[58],"studies":[59],"Estonia,":[61],"Singapore,":[62],"European":[65],"Union.":[66],"By":[67],"examining":[68],"RAG-LLM":[69,188],"implementations":[70],"across":[71],"legal,":[72],"administrative,":[73],"multilingual":[75,180],"domains,":[76],"research":[78],"identifies":[79],"critical":[80],"success":[81],"factors":[82],"governance":[84],"models,":[85],"interoperability":[86,228],"frameworks,":[87,229],"data":[89,204],"standardization.Key":[90],"findings":[91],"reveal":[92],"that":[93,187],"centralized":[94],"architectures":[95],"(Estonia\u2019s":[96],"Kratt":[97],"ecosystem,":[98],"Singapore\u2019s":[99],"AIBots)":[100],"enable":[101],"scaling":[103],"unified":[105],"standards,":[106],"while":[107],"federated":[108],"models":[109],"(EU\u2019s":[110],"cross-border":[111],"system)":[112],"balance":[113],"sovereignty":[114],"collaboration.":[116],"Hybrid":[117],"retrieval":[118],"strategies-combining":[119],"keyword-based":[120],"semantic":[122],"search-and":[123],"domain-specific":[124],"embeddings":[125],"reduce":[126],"hallucinations":[127],"up":[129],"to":[130,167,215,235],"63%,":[131],"ensuring":[132],"accuracy":[135],"high-stakes":[137],"scenarios.":[138],"Operational":[139],"efficiencies":[140],"are":[141],"significant:":[142],"Estonia":[143],"processes":[144],"1.2M":[145],"monthly":[146],"queries":[147],"89%":[149],"resolution":[150],"rates,":[151],"Singapore":[152],"automates":[153],"40%":[154],"more":[155],"citizen":[156],"inquiries,":[157],"EU":[160],"reduces":[161],"permit":[162],"processing":[163],"from":[164],"six":[165],"weeks":[166],"three":[168],"days.":[169],"Citizen":[170],"satisfaction":[171],"rates":[172],"(82\u201398%)":[173],"correlate":[174],"transparency":[176],"features":[177],"(source":[178],"citations,":[179],"support)":[181],"inclusive":[183],"design.The":[184],"underscores":[186],"systems":[189],"act":[190],"force":[192],"multipliers":[193],"for":[194],"when":[198],"supported":[199],"adaptive":[201],"governance,":[202,220],"continuous":[203],"quality":[205],"management,":[206],"standardized":[208],"evaluation":[209],"metrics.":[210],"Challenges":[211],"persist":[212],"generalizability":[214],"less":[216],"digitized":[217],"contexts,":[218],"ethical":[219],"evolving":[222],"landscapes.":[224],"Policy":[225],"recommendations":[226],"emphasize":[227],"domain-tuned":[230],"standardization,":[231],"human-AI":[233],"collaboration":[234],"realize":[236],"scalable,":[237],"trustworthy,":[238],"citizen-centric":[240],"services.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}