{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407785486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883775","title":"An Interpretable Fine-Tuned BERT Approach for Phishing URLs Detection: A Superior Alternative to Feature Engineering","display_name":"An Interpretable Fine-Tuned BERT Approach for Phishing URLs Detection: A Superior Alternative to Feature Engineering","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407785486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883775","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 11th International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026288065","display_name":"Yi Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-6816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14396692","display_name":"Tokyo University of Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/044bdx604","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14396692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems,Tokyo,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14396692","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103816766","display_name":"Masaya Nakayama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaya Nakayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo,Information Technology Center,Tokyo,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo,Information Technology Center,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011635598","display_name":"Yuji Sekiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuji Sekiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"138","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.8562648892402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.735148549079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.7045035362243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5672875642776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.416714608669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31505149602890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2704593241214752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.19976451992988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.10257893800735474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.8562648892402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.735148549079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.7045035362243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5672875642776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.416714608669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31505149602890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2704593241214752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.19976451992988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.10257893800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883775","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 11th International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806379428","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2914801588","https://openalex.org/W2998979401","https://openalex.org/W3022651159","https://openalex.org/W3093641884","https://openalex.org/W3094291258","https://openalex.org/W3158143049","https://openalex.org/W3212603771","https://openalex.org/W4210417849","https://openalex.org/W4213081600","https://openalex.org/W4220702949","https://openalex.org/W4280614404","https://openalex.org/W4306953359","https://openalex.org/W4308531811","https://openalex.org/W4312887856","https://openalex.org/W4313588323","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386142022","https://openalex.org/W4387826905","https://openalex.org/W4392515583","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6773447507","https://openalex.org/W6798553033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W4391093354","https://openalex.org/W2750075801","https://openalex.org/W3164948662","https://openalex.org/W4400413234","https://openalex.org/W3153597579","https://openalex.org/W4394398790","https://openalex.org/W4399455186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phishing":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,24,55,96,104],"kind":[3],"of":[4,27,39,123],"cybercrime":[5],"that":[6,67],"deceives":[7],"online":[8],"users":[9],"into":[10],"disclosing":[11],"confidential":[12],"information,":[13],"leading":[14],"to":[15,29,47,76,82],"identity":[16],"theft":[17],"and":[18,37,79,108,128,144],"financial":[19],"loss.":[20],"Attackers":[21],"typically":[22],"use":[23],"wide":[25],"range":[26],"vectors":[28],"spread":[30],"phishing":[31,59,87,100],"links,":[32],"further":[33],"increasing":[34],"the":[35,115,120,129,146],"reach":[36],"effectiveness":[38],"these":[40,91],"malicious":[41],"campaigns.":[42],"As":[43],"this":[44,93],"threat":[45],"continues":[46],"grow,":[48],"artificial":[49],"intelligence":[50],"strategies":[51],"have":[52,73],"emerged":[53],"as":[54],"promising":[56],"solution":[57],"for":[58],"detection":[60,101],"in":[61,150],"recent":[62],"years.":[63],"However,":[64],"traditional":[65],"methods":[66],"require":[68],"substantial":[69],"manual":[70],"feature":[71,125,142],"engineering":[72,126],"been":[74],"observed":[75],"be":[77],"dataset-dependent":[78],"lack":[80],"generalization":[81,121],"unknown":[83],"or":[84],"newly":[85],"evolving":[86],"attacks.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"limitations,":[92],"study":[94],"proposes":[95],"fine-tuned":[97],"BERT":[98],"model-based":[99],"approach":[102,131,147],"utilizing":[103],"novel":[105],"tokenization":[106],"method":[107],"providing":[109],"interpretable":[110],"outputs.":[111],"By":[112],"thoroughly":[113],"searching":[114],"latest":[116],"publicly":[117],"available":[118],"datasets,":[119],"capabilities":[122],"both":[124],"methodologies":[127],"proposed":[130],"are":[132],"tested.":[133],"The":[134],"experimental":[135],"results":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"its":[138],"effectiveness,":[139],"significantly":[140],"surpassing":[141],"engineering,":[143],"ensuring":[145],"remains":[148],"robust":[149],"generalizing":[151],"across":[152],"different":[153],"datasets.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
