{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125908989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343432","title":"Supervised and Semi - Supervised Machine Learning Networks applied for control of a Lower - Limb Exoskeleton","display_name":"Supervised and Semi - Supervised Machine Learning Networks applied for control of a Lower - Limb Exoskeleton","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125908989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343432"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343432","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024068082","display_name":"Yash Bhambhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2509-6550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yash Bhambhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044127583","display_name":"Mario R. Ortiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8983-4308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Ort\u00edz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097083344","display_name":"Cristina Polo-Hortig\u00fcela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1841-8209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Polo-Hortig\u00fcela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123769679","display_name":"Vicente Quiles","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vicente Quiles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090411853","display_name":"Carlo Cavaliere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Cavaliere-Ballesta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110429471","display_name":"I\u00e1\u00f1ez Eduardo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo I\u00e1\u00f1ez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123726019","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Azor\u00edn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Azor\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Hernández University of Elche,Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab,Elche,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024068082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73841825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3794","last_page":"3799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.8485999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.8485999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.041099999099969864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.035599999129772186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.8303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6590999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurorehabilitation","display_name":"Neurorehabilitation","score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.3183000087738037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.8303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6798999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6590999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510101","display_name":"Neurorehabilitation","level":3,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45391945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938523","display_name":"Powered exoskeleton","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343432","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035715639","https://openalex.org/W2145302786","https://openalex.org/W2485686941"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain\u2013machine":[0],"interfaces":[1],"(BMI)":[2],"for":[3,93,168],"lower-limb":[4,95],"exoskeletons":[5],"are":[6],"a":[7,64,67,107,163],"state-of-the-art":[8],"neurorehabilitation":[9],"modality.":[10],"They":[11],"decode":[12],"electroencephalographic":[13],"(EEG)":[14],"recordings":[15],"during":[16],"motor":[17],"imagery":[18],"(MI)\u2014the":[19],"mental":[20],"rehearsal":[21],"of":[22],"movement\u2014to":[23],"infer":[24],"intent":[25],"and":[26,40,53,82,114,136,144],"drive":[27],"exoskeleton":[28,96,173],"control.":[29,97,174],"Yet":[30],"MI":[31],"decoding":[32],"suffers":[33],"from":[34],"low":[35],"signal-to-noise":[36],"ratio,":[37],"EEG":[38,116],"non-stationarity,":[39],"high":[41],"inter-trial/subject":[42],"variability.":[43],"Conventional":[44],"machine-learning":[45],"classifiers":[46],"further":[47],"struggle":[48],"with":[49,79,133,158],"limited":[50],"training":[51],"data":[52],"over-fitting,":[54],"undermining":[55],"real-time":[56],"robustness.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"preliminary,":[60],"offline":[61],"study":[62],"on":[63],"single":[65],"subject,":[66],"novel":[68],"semi-supervised":[69,127,160],"MI-classification":[70],"network":[71,161],"is":[72,88,100],"implemented":[73],"that":[74],"includes":[75],"an":[76],"L2-normalized":[77],"autoencoder":[78],"dual":[80],"reconstruction":[81],"classification":[83],"branches\u2014that,":[84],"to":[85],"our":[86],"knowledge,":[87],"the":[89,126,159],"first":[90],"correctly":[91],"tailored":[92],"closed-loop":[94],"This":[98],"method":[99],"compared":[101],"against":[102],"four":[103],"supervised":[104],"approaches":[105,153],"using":[106],"hybrid":[108],"feature-extraction":[109],"pipeline":[110],"capturing":[111],"spectral,":[112],"spatial,":[113],"temporal":[115],"dynamics.":[117],"Supervised":[118],"models":[119],"were":[120,131],"evaluated":[121],"via":[122],"leave-one-out":[123],"cross-validation,":[124],"while":[125],"framework\u2019s":[128],"latent":[129],"representations":[130],"examined":[132],"K-means":[134],"clustering":[135],"t-Stochastic":[137],"Neighbour":[138],"Embeddings":[139],"(t-SNE).":[140],"Event-based":[141],"false-positive":[142],"(FPR)":[143],"true-positive":[145],"ratios":[146],"(TPR)":[147],"served":[148],"as":[149],"comparative":[150],"metrics.":[151],"All":[152],"achieved":[154],"61\u201367":[155],"%":[156],"accuracy,":[157],"showing":[162],"lower":[164],"FPR\u2014suggesting":[165],"its":[166],"promise":[167],"more":[169],"robust,":[170],"data-efficient":[171],"BMI-driven":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-29T23:17:01.242718","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}