{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125905760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343272","title":"Unrolling the Performance of ZK-Rollups through Stochastic Modeling","display_name":"Unrolling the Performance of ZK-Rollups through Stochastic Modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125905760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343272"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124102799","display_name":"Carlos Melo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190085865","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Sergipe","ror":"https://ror.org/028ka0n85","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal de Sergipe,Sergipe,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Sergipe,Sergipe,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124076805","display_name":"Johnnatan Messias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johnnatan Messias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS),Saarbrucken and Kaiserslautern,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS),Saarbrucken and Kaiserslautern,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092585367","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Miqueias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Miqu\u00e9ias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Glauber Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glauber Gon\u00e7alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121763104","display_name":"Francisco A. Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco A. Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110083216","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Borin Soares","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Soares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Piau&#x00ED; (UFPI),Picos,PI,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124102799"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76635131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3982","last_page":"3987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.1746000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.1746000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.10509999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.05590000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6413000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-petri-net","display_name":"Stochastic Petri net","score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petri-net","display_name":"Petri net","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.3646000027656555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7814000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6413000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197551870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617809","display_name":"Stochastic Petri net","level":3,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38677869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724168","display_name":"Petri net","level":2,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127491075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617825","display_name":"Stochastic modelling","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613415266","https://openalex.org/W2885743763","https://openalex.org/W2907763698","https://openalex.org/W2914938116","https://openalex.org/W2971121192","https://openalex.org/W3008102329","https://openalex.org/W3031507056","https://openalex.org/W3039746697","https://openalex.org/W3199457876","https://openalex.org/W3202887189","https://openalex.org/W3216244087","https://openalex.org/W4292387255","https://openalex.org/W4320485663","https://openalex.org/W4402355140","https://openalex.org/W4403938330","https://openalex.org/W7104060126"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sidechains":[0],"offer":[1],"partial":[2],"solutions":[3,26],"to":[4,13,54,83],"Ethereum\u2019s":[5],"scalability":[6],"challenges;":[7],"however,":[8],"they":[9],"introduce":[10],"trade-offs":[11],"related":[12],"security":[14,39],"and":[15,40,66],"implementation":[16],"complexity.":[17],"These":[18],"limitations":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"further":[22],"addressed":[23],"by":[24,60,81,89],"Layer-2":[25,75],"known":[27],"as":[28],"rollups,":[29],"which":[30],"combine":[31],"off-chain":[32],"computation":[33],"with":[34],"on-chain":[35],"verification,":[36],"preserving":[37],"both":[38],"decentralization":[41],"on":[42,64],"the":[43,56],"Ethereum":[44],"platform.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"a":[49,99],"Stochastic":[50],"Petri":[51],"Net":[52],"model":[53],"evaluate":[55],"feasibility":[57],"of":[58,74],"ZK-Rollups":[59],"analyzing":[61],"their":[62],"impact":[63],"throughput":[65,80],"latency.":[67],"The":[68],"results":[69],"indicate":[70],"that":[71],"increased":[72],"adoption":[73],"transactions":[76],"can":[77],"enhance":[78],"system":[79],"up":[82],"20%.":[84],"Conversely,":[85],"latency":[86],"may":[87],"rise":[88],"more":[90],"than":[91],"100%":[92],"when":[93],"larger":[94],"batches":[95],"are":[96],"used,":[97],"revealing":[98],"fundamental":[100],"performance":[101],"trade-off.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
