{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125928606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343113","title":"Breaking Monocular Depth Estimation with DepthHack: A Black-box 3D Physical Adversarial Attack for Autonomous Driving","display_name":"Breaking Monocular Depth Estimation with DepthHack: A Black-box 3D Physical Adversarial Attack for Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125928606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343113"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101631122","display_name":"Yibo Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8662-8935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101510749","display_name":"Yucheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4192-1315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence,Zhengzhou,China,450001"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence,Zhengzhou,China,450001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124066175","display_name":"Lei Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101942041","display_name":"Lin Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-092X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726917","display_name":"Yufei Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-8449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou,China,450002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101572885","display_name":"Qiushi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4976-3346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiushi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Online Services Company Limited"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Online Services Company Limited","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031232338","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5740-2447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenwen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Online Services Company Limited"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Online Services Company Limited","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5920","last_page":"5926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9157000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7781000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.3154999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9157000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7781000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.692300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6502000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145424490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11343113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2397830550","https://openalex.org/W2520322935","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2962711307","https://openalex.org/W2981518351","https://openalex.org/W2985775862","https://openalex.org/W3036294592","https://openalex.org/W3108341030","https://openalex.org/W3175682855","https://openalex.org/W3200450146","https://openalex.org/W4225786036","https://openalex.org/W4313177625","https://openalex.org/W4390738506","https://openalex.org/W4390871805","https://openalex.org/W4390873864","https://openalex.org/W4402772363"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monocular":[0],"Depth":[1],"Estimation":[2],"(MDE)":[3],"is":[4],"vital":[5],"for":[6,40],"autonomous":[7,92],"driving,":[8],"enabling":[9],"3D":[10,35,51],"perception":[11],"without":[12],"costly":[13],"LiDAR,":[14],"yet":[15],"existing":[16],"2D":[17],"white-box":[18],"adversarial":[19,37,52],"attacks":[20],"against":[21],"MDE":[22,86,97],"lack":[23],"robustness":[24,56],"to":[25,48],"viewpoint":[26],"and":[27,45,61,99,107],"real-world":[28],"variations.":[29],"We":[30],"propose":[31],"DepthHack,":[32],"the":[33,89],"first":[34],"black-box":[36],"attack":[38],"framework":[39],"MDE,":[41],"using":[42],"probabilistic":[43],"sampling":[44],"score-based":[46],"optimization":[47],"craft":[49],"robust":[50],"textures.":[53],"DepthHack":[54],"ensures":[55],"across":[57],"diverse":[58],"weather":[59],"conditions":[60],"viewpoints,":[62],"achieving":[63],"an":[64],"average":[65],"depth":[66],"estimation":[67],"error":[68],"of":[69,91],"8.88":[70],"m":[71],"on":[72,95],"Monodepth2":[73],"(Carla),":[74],"surpassing":[75],"HardBeat":[76],"by":[77],"2.1%,":[78],"with":[79],"only":[80],"60k":[81],"queries.":[82],"This":[83],"work":[84],"reveals":[85],"vulnerabilities,":[87],"enhancing":[88],"safety":[90],"systems.":[93],"Experiments":[94],"four":[96],"models":[98],"two":[100],"datasets":[101],"validate":[102],"its":[103],"superior":[104],"performance,":[105],"efficiency,":[106],"cross-dataset":[108],"generalization.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}