{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125920869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342937","title":"Ocular Feature Extraction for Eye Movement Analysis and Neurological Dysfunction Diagnosis","display_name":"Ocular Feature Extraction for Eye Movement Analysis and Neurological Dysfunction Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125920869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342937"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438233","display_name":"Ziqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-2369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,School of Software Technology,Ningbo,China,315100"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,School of Software Technology,Ningbo,China,315100","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057935426","display_name":"Jing Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4610-0141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101447172","display_name":"Xiaomeng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-766X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132158","display_name":"Annoroad Gene Technology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gyd9q58","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Neurorient Technology Co., Ltd.,Beijing,China,100000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Neurorient Technology Co., Ltd.,Beijing,China,100000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648253","display_name":"Junqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-0818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040087091","display_name":"Jiahui Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-2690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078808889","display_name":"Hongyao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7705-8281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124088437","display_name":"Jinglei Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinglei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124060773","display_name":"Rong Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124119897","display_name":"Zhipeng Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,College of Computer Science,Beijing,China,100124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111750909","display_name":"Yuanchen Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanchen Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Capital Medical University,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital,Beijing,China,100053"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Capital Medical University,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital,Beijing,China,100053","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiantao Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiantao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Capital Medical University,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital,Beijing,China,100053"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Capital Medical University,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital,Beijing,China,100053","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124060088","display_name":"Kai Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132158","display_name":"Annoroad Gene Technology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gyd9q58","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Neurorient Technology Co., Ltd.,Beijing,China,100000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Neurorient Technology Co., Ltd.,Beijing,China,100000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100438233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71278541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7626","last_page":"7631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.8745999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.8745999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10542","display_name":"Vestibular and auditory disorders","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6488999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7371000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6488999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780317758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339235","display_name":"Neurological disorder","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091507572","https://openalex.org/W2098981768","https://openalex.org/W2124807296","https://openalex.org/W2126843174","https://openalex.org/W2509901229","https://openalex.org/W2944584450","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3210988591","https://openalex.org/W4223474672","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4377093389","https://openalex.org/W4387824748"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neurological":[0],"dysfunction":[1],"encompasses":[2],"a":[3,46,85,105,111,162],"variety":[4],"of":[5,13,23,30,57,192],"diseases":[6],"resulting":[7],"from":[8],"neural":[9,94],"damage.":[10],"Accurate":[11],"assessment":[12],"neurological":[14,33,52,62],"function":[15,63],"is":[16,118],"critical":[17],"for":[18,61],"diagnosis":[19],"and":[20,67,103,130,141,159],"the":[21,79,124,180],"development":[22],"effective":[24],"treatment":[25],"plans.":[26],"A":[27],"significant":[28],"number":[29],"patients":[31],"with":[32,151],"disorders":[34],"exhibit":[35],"ocular":[36,39,59,203],"abnormalities.":[37],"Analyzing":[38],"status":[40,60],"through":[41,135],"eye":[42,184],"movement":[43],"capture":[44],"plays":[45],"pivotal":[47],"role":[48],"in":[49,123,176,186,195,201],"understanding":[50],"various":[51],"dysfunctions.":[53],"However,":[54],"current":[55],"methods":[56],"analyzing":[58],"assessments":[64],"lack":[65],"precision":[66],"objectivity,":[68],"often":[69],"relying":[70],"heavily":[71],"on":[72,91,116],"physicians\u2019":[73],"subjective":[74],"judgment.":[75],"This":[76],"work":[77],"proposes":[78],"Ocular-enhanced":[80],"Face":[81],"Keypoints":[82],"Network":[83,140],"(OFKNet),":[84],"facial":[86],"keypoint":[87],"detection":[88],"model":[89],"based":[90,115],"deep":[92],"convolutional":[93],"networks.":[95],"OFKNet":[96,171,188],"employs":[97],"ConvNeXt":[98],"as":[99],"its":[100],"backbone":[101],"network":[102],"introduces":[104],"multi-scale":[106],"input":[107],"enhancement":[108,113],"strategy.":[109],"Additionally,":[110],"region":[112],"module":[114],"MobileNetV3":[117],"designed":[119],"to":[120],"optimize":[121],"features":[122],"canthus":[125],"area.":[126],"Multiscale":[127],"feature":[128],"fusion":[129],"channel":[131],"weighting":[132],"are":[133],"achieved":[134],"an":[136],"improved":[137],"Path":[138],"Aggregation":[139],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[142],"modules.":[143],"To":[144],"validate":[145],"OFKNet\u2019s":[146],"accuracy,":[147],"we":[148,165],"compared":[149],"it":[150],"state-of-the-art":[152],"models,":[153,174],"including":[154],"MediaPipe":[155],"FaceLandmarker,":[156],"InsightFace,":[157],"Dlib68,":[158],"Dlib81,":[160],"using":[161],"patient":[163],"dataset":[164],"collected.":[166],"Experimental":[167],"results":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"that":[170],"outperforms":[172],"existing":[173],"particularly":[175],"calibration":[177],"accuracy":[178],"around":[179],"eyes.":[181],"By":[182],"monitoring":[183],"movements":[185],"real-time,":[187],"ensures":[189],"high-precision":[190],"extraction":[191],"key":[193],"points":[194],"each":[196],"frame,":[197],"accurately":[198],"reflecting":[199],"changes":[200],"patients\u2019":[202],"movements.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
