{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125934625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342897","title":"CTF: Hybrid Multi-scale Contrastive Transformer for Website Fingerprinting Attack","display_name":"CTF: Hybrid Multi-scale Contrastive Transformer for Website Fingerprinting Attack","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125934625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342897"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124138599","display_name":"Juxin Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juxin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124145745","display_name":"Yang Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Dianzi University,School of Computer Science,Hangzhou,China,310018"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Dianzi University,School of Computer Science,Hangzhou,China,310018","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124139181","display_name":"Yanhui Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd,Dongguan,China,523795"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd,Dongguan,China,523795","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124123856","display_name":"Yunpeng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100574281","display_name":"Jie Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5713-0799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121492608","display_name":"Yuling Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuling Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024710527","display_name":"QiXu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qixu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China,100085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2551","last_page":"2558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.46880000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3849000036716461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.46880000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.754237711429596}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1993568446","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2135579486","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2413565570","https://openalex.org/W2485000773","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2913901113","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2989013751","https://openalex.org/W3093816478","https://openalex.org/W3106813043","https://openalex.org/W4388460290","https://openalex.org/W4388856908","https://openalex.org/W4405183144"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0],"Fingerprinting":[1],"(WF)":[2],"attacks,":[3],"a":[4,71,91,113],"methodology":[5],"that":[6,96,132],"allows":[7],"observers":[8],"to":[9,57,118],"infer":[10],"visited":[11],"websites":[12],"through":[13],"encrypted":[14],"traffic":[15,53],"analysis,":[16],"are":[17,45],"usually":[18],"employed":[19],"for":[20,99,105],"evaluating":[21],"the":[22,49],"security":[23],"of":[24,52,81],"anonymous":[25],"networks":[26],"like":[27],"Tor.":[28],"Although":[29],"deep":[30,93],"learning-based":[31],"methods":[32],"have":[33],"demonstrated":[34],"significant":[35],"success":[36],"in":[37,47,60,137],"recent":[38],"studies,":[39],"existing":[40],"approaches":[41],"exhibit":[42],"limitations.":[43],"They":[44],"insufficient":[46],"modeling":[48,108],"intricate":[50],"characteristics":[51],"patterns,":[54],"which":[55],"leads":[56],"compromised":[58],"accuracy":[59,136],"identifying":[61],"challenging":[62],"samples.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"these":[66],"limitations,":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"CTF,":[70],"novel":[72,92],"WF":[73,146],"attack":[74],"comprising":[75],"three":[76],"key":[77],"components:":[78],"(1)":[79],"extraction":[80],"Hybrid":[82],"Multi-scale":[83],"Traffic":[84],"Features":[85],"(HMTF)":[86],"integrating":[87],"spatio-temporal":[88],"information,":[89],"(2)":[90],"learning":[94,116],"framework":[95],"synergizes":[97],"CNN":[98],"spatial":[100],"pattern":[101],"recognition":[102],"and":[103,111],"Transformer":[104],"temporal":[106],"dependency":[107],"within":[109],"HMTF,":[110],"(3)":[112],"supervised":[114],"contrastive":[115],"mechanism":[117],"enhance":[119],"discriminative":[120],"capability":[121],"across":[122,127],"website":[123],"fingerprints.":[124],"Experimental":[125],"evaluations":[126],"multiple":[128],"benchmark":[129],"datasets":[130],"reveal":[131],"CTF":[133],"achieves":[134],"99.09%":[135],"Closed-World":[138],"scenarios,":[139],"showing":[140],"enhanced":[141],"robustness":[142],"against":[143],"four":[144],"SOTA":[145],"defense":[147],"mechanisms.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
