{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125954158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342687","title":"FakeApp: A High-Precision Method for Domain Fronting Detection in Real Networks with Neuro-Symbolic Integration","display_name":"FakeApp: A High-Precision Method for Domain Fronting Detection in Real Networks with Neuro-Symbolic Integration","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125954158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342687"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342687","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103913725","display_name":"Z. S. Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8696-2173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121141750","display_name":"Gaopeng Gou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaopeng Gou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124130156","display_name":"Gang Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124053462","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124119017","display_name":"Wei Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103913725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87787618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5581","last_page":"5588"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.8440999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.8440999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.07020000368356705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"Imitation","score":0.40310001373291016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6933000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342687","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6652795076370239}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042477294","https://openalex.org/W2052565897","https://openalex.org/W2209711601","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2904027722","https://openalex.org/W2913669552","https://openalex.org/W2947585023","https://openalex.org/W2980426319","https://openalex.org/W3168197202","https://openalex.org/W4230247560","https://openalex.org/W4285357616","https://openalex.org/W4381744283","https://openalex.org/W4391725333","https://openalex.org/W4396736368"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Domain":[0],"fronting":[1,32,79,104,122,154,179],"is":[2,23,59,169],"a":[3,99],"covert":[4],"communication":[5],"technique,":[6],"which":[7],"evades":[8],"detection":[9,27,80,90,105],"by":[10,76],"connecting":[11],"with":[12],"legitimate":[13],"domains":[14],"to":[15,44,61,92,137,151],"imitate":[16],"normal":[17],"network":[18],"traffic.":[19,35],"But":[20],"the":[21,51,93,116,165,190],"imitation":[22,58],"flawed,":[24],"so":[25],"current":[26],"methods":[28,38,175],"usually":[29],"treat":[30],"domain":[31,56,78,103,121,153,178],"as":[33,66,81,124],"abnormal":[34],"However,":[36],"these":[37],"show":[39,163],"very":[40],"low":[41],"precision":[42,166],"due":[43],"normal-abnormal":[45],"traffic":[46,74,135,191],"imbalance":[47,75,192],"in":[48,106,155],"practice.":[49],"In":[50],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,72,96,186],"find":[54],"that":[55,164,185],"fronting\u2019s":[57],"limited":[60],"popular":[62],"applications":[63],"(apps),":[64],"such":[65],"Chrome":[67],"and":[68,147],"Firefox":[69],"browser.":[70],"Thus,":[71],"mitigate":[73],"defining":[77],"an":[82],"app":[83,118],"discrimination":[84],"problem,":[85],"rather":[86],"than":[87],"previous":[88],"anomaly":[89],"task.According":[91],"revised":[94],"definition,":[95],"propose":[97],"FakeApp,":[98],"high-precision":[100],"method":[101],"for":[102],"real":[107,156],"networks.":[108,157],"Using":[109],"frequent":[110],"item":[111],"analysis,":[112],"FakeApp":[113,143,168],"first":[114],"extracts":[115],"imitated":[117],"information":[119],"from":[120],"tools":[123],"symbolic":[125,145],"features.":[126],"Then,":[127],"through":[128],"deep":[129],"neural":[130,148],"networks,":[131],"it":[132],"discriminates":[133],"whether":[134],"belongs":[136],"genuine":[138],"or":[139],"spoofed":[140],"apps.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"integrates":[144],"features":[146],"networks":[149],"together":[150],"identify":[152],"Evaluations":[158],"over":[159,170],"2":[160],"million":[161],"flows":[162],"of":[167],"95%,":[171],"far":[172],"surpassing":[173],"state-of-the-art":[174],"on":[176],"four":[177],"tools.":[180],"These":[181],"results":[182],"also":[183],"indicate":[184],"have":[187],"effectively":[188],"mitigated":[189],"issue.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-23T20:09:44.859080","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}