{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125985240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342633","title":"Detection and Localization of False Data Injection Attacks in Power Systems Based on TGRU","display_name":"Detection and Localization of False Data Injection Attacks in Power Systems Based on TGRU","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125985240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342633"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342633","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124133836","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124116395","display_name":"Xiaolong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028078008","display_name":"Chensheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1723-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chensheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016376312","display_name":"Fazong Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124145583","display_name":"Ming Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122843557","display_name":"Xiaoming Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center,Jinan,China,250014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5023","last_page":"5028"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5957000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.390500009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5957000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778229166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8290","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","level":5,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359099","display_name":"Blackout","level":4,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116219307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236625","display_name":"Power system simulation","level":4,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342633","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326952","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1680757476","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2342408507","https://openalex.org/W2967561991","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W3013246316","https://openalex.org/W3159817879","https://openalex.org/W4211258396","https://openalex.org/W4294811472","https://openalex.org/W4297514718","https://openalex.org/W4360993610","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387489470","https://openalex.org/W4391741596"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"power":[1],"systems":[2],"benefit":[3],"from":[4,55],"enhanced":[5],"reliability":[6],"and":[7,58,72,85],"efficiency":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10],"advanced":[11],"information":[12],"technologies,":[13],"but":[14],"face":[15],"increased":[16],"cyber":[17],"vulnerabilities,":[18],"particularly":[19],"false":[20],"data":[21],"injection":[22],"attacks":[23],"(FDIAs)":[24],"that":[25],"threaten":[26],"grid":[27],"stability.":[28],"We":[29],"propose":[30],"a":[31],"Transformer-Gated":[32],"Recurrent":[33],"Unit":[34],"(TGRU)":[35],"framework,":[36],"integrating":[37],"Transformer":[38],"encoders\u2019":[39],"feature":[40],"extraction":[41],"with":[42],"GRUs\u2019":[43],"temporal":[44],"modeling.":[45],"A":[46],"novel":[47],"Euclidean":[48],"distance-based":[49],"threshold":[50],"selection":[51],"method":[52],"distinguishes":[53],"legitimate":[54],"malicious":[56],"data,":[57],"an":[59],"FDILocator":[60],"module":[61],"accurately":[62],"identifies":[63],"attack":[64],"locations":[65],"by":[66],"analyzing":[67],"discrepancies":[68],"between":[69],"TGRU":[70],"predictions":[71],"actual":[73],"measurements.":[74],"Experiments":[75],"on":[76],"the":[77,82],"IEEE":[78],"14-bus":[79],"system":[80],"validate":[81],"approach\u2019s":[83],"effectiveness":[84],"accuracy.":[86]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
