{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125935569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342624","title":"EEG-Based Motor Task Classification Using Complex STFT and Hilbert Transform Features","display_name":"EEG-Based Motor Task Classification Using Complex STFT and Hilbert Transform Features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125935569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342624"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124112858","display_name":"Anand Mohan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anand Mohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117613546","display_name":"Ojaswi Chopra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ojaswi Chopra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101470763","display_name":"R. R. P. Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruchi Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117613547","display_name":"Pradnya Praveen Simpi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradnya Praveen Simpi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pratham Kumar Srivastava","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratham Kumar Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124107524","display_name":"R. S. Anand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. S. Anand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Roorkee,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124112858"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70365886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4585","last_page":"4590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-time-fourier-transform","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6229000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166386157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477735","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28799612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685437","display_name":"Hilbert transform","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7038754820823669}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964324599","https://openalex.org/W2032275524","https://openalex.org/W2115126565","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2783060250","https://openalex.org/W2897275126","https://openalex.org/W3010867662","https://openalex.org/W3015920691","https://openalex.org/W3090750729","https://openalex.org/W3118399996","https://openalex.org/W3207741795","https://openalex.org/W4206343781","https://openalex.org/W4312338965","https://openalex.org/W4385453220","https://openalex.org/W4392450658","https://openalex.org/W4393972707","https://openalex.org/W4399939039","https://openalex.org/W4404032437","https://openalex.org/W4406614584","https://openalex.org/W4406920643"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neurological":[0],"disorders":[1],"like":[2],"stroke,":[3],"epilepsy,":[4],"and":[5,14,57,71,102,111,137,167,175,181,186],"dementia":[6],"can":[7],"severely":[8],"impair":[9],"motor":[10,179,182,204],"function,":[11],"limiting":[12],"independence":[13],"quality":[15],"of":[16,93,97],"life.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"assistive":[19,143],"technologies,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"prosthetic":[23],"limbs":[24],"or":[25,34],"voice-controlled":[26],"systems,":[27],"often":[28],"require":[29],"invasive":[30],"procedures,":[31],"expensive":[32],"equipment,":[33],"physical":[35,216],"efforts.":[36],"These":[37],"may":[38],"not":[39],"be":[40],"feasible":[41],"for":[42,48,52,200],"many":[43],"individuals,":[44],"highlighting":[45],"the":[46,139,150],"need":[47],"AI-driven":[49],"EEG":[50,115,173,222],"analysis":[51],"risk":[53],"factor":[54],"prediction,":[55],"diagnosis":[56],"rehabilitation.":[58],"Brain-Computer":[59],"Interfaces":[60],"(BCIs)":[61],"powered":[62],"by":[63,218],"EEG-based":[64,90],"movement":[65],"classification":[66,109],"offer":[67],"a":[68,88,126],"noninvasive,":[69],"affordable,":[70],"accessible":[72],"alternative,":[73],"enabling":[74],"individuals":[75,214],"to":[76,86,171,191],"control":[77],"devices":[78],"using":[79,104,149],"their":[80],"thoughts":[81],"alone.":[82],"This":[83,128,210],"study":[84,129],"aims":[85],"develop":[87],"robust":[89],"system":[91],"capable":[92],"classifying":[94,201],"different":[95],"types":[96],"hand":[98],"movements,":[99],"both":[100],"real":[101],"imagined,":[103],"machine":[105],"learning.":[106],"By":[107],"improving":[108],"accuracy":[110,199],"reducing":[112],"noise":[113],"in":[114,132,142,224],"signals,":[116],"this":[117],"research":[118],"contributes":[119],"toward":[120],"making":[121],"hands-free":[122],"interaction":[123],"with":[124,135,154,215],"technology":[125],"reality.":[127],"will":[130],"help":[131],"empowering":[133],"people":[134],"disabilities":[136,217],"bridging":[138],"accessibility":[140],"gap":[141],"technologies.":[144],"Feature":[145],"extraction":[146],"is":[147],"performed":[148],"proposed":[151,195],"Complex":[152],"STFT":[153],"Hilbert":[155],"Transform":[156],"(CSTFT-H)":[157],"method.":[158],"Machine":[159],"learning":[160],"models,":[161],"including":[162],"CNN,":[163],"SVM,":[164],"DT,":[165],"RF":[166],"MLP":[168],"are":[169,189],"utilized":[170],"analyze":[172],"signals":[174],"classify":[176],"them":[177],"into":[178],"imagery":[180],"movement.":[183],"Hyperparameter":[184],"tuning":[185],"k-fold":[187],"validation":[188],"applied":[190],"optimize":[192],"model":[193,196],"performance.The":[194],"achieved":[197],"86%":[198],"all":[202,208],"four":[203],"activity":[205],"tasks":[206],"across":[207],"subjects.":[209],"would":[211],"greatly":[212],"benefit":[213],"successfully":[219],"interpreting":[220],"motor-related":[221],"data":[223],"real-time.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
