{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125926289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342457","title":"Comparisons of Some Evolutionary Computation Algorithms for Prompt Optimization in Large Language Models","display_name":"Comparisons of Some Evolutionary Computation Algorithms for Prompt Optimization in Large Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125926289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342457"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342457","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632977","display_name":"Jian-Yu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-9207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124073647","display_name":"Tian-Le Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian-Le Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121589205","display_name":"Zhi-Hui Zhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi-Hui Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105624356","display_name":"Sam Kwong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165488957","display_name":"Lingnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0563pg902","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165488957"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Kwong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lingnan University,School of Data Science,Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lingnan University,School of Data Science,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165488957"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124118657","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University,College of Artificial Intelligence,Tianjin,P. R. China,300350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4063","last_page":"4068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.1851000040769577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.1851000040769577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.11429999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.05689999833703041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-algorithm","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.36489999294281006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6937999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106195933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7847935","display_name":"Truncation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342457","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323021","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102487131","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W2136495462","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2160960847","https://openalex.org/W2511789913","https://openalex.org/W3012446350","https://openalex.org/W3048904406","https://openalex.org/W3097804851","https://openalex.org/W3124495982","https://openalex.org/W3208560513","https://openalex.org/W3216331645","https://openalex.org/W4220692473","https://openalex.org/W4220782488","https://openalex.org/W4223432987","https://openalex.org/W4313291093","https://openalex.org/W4383960493","https://openalex.org/W4386025177","https://openalex.org/W4389474281","https://openalex.org/W4390970268","https://openalex.org/W4392007251","https://openalex.org/W4401387426","https://openalex.org/W4401927651","https://openalex.org/W4403277580","https://openalex.org/W4404788800","https://openalex.org/W4407937865","https://openalex.org/W4408099467","https://openalex.org/W4408357856","https://openalex.org/W4411336658"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0],"engineering":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"an":[4],"effective":[5],"tool":[6],"for":[7,25,82,91,209,246,258,269],"numerous":[8],"large":[9,192],"language":[10],"models":[11],"(LLMs)-based":[12],"tasks.":[13,144],"However,":[14,75],"it":[15],"is":[16,39,172,203],"still":[17],"a":[18,102],"challenge":[19],"to":[20,43,46,54,112],"adaptively":[21,55],"optimize":[22],"the":[23,26,36,44,76,114,167,182,197,206,218,233,236,242,253,267],"prompt":[24,83,97,120,248,261],"target":[27],"task,":[28],"where":[29],"gradients":[30],"are":[31,107,138],"inaccessible":[32],"via":[33],"APIs":[34],"and":[35,50,53,94,136,159,186,224,240,275],"search":[37,58],"space":[38],"highly":[40],"complex.":[41],"Due":[42],"ability":[45],"robustly":[47],"handle":[48],"complex":[49,57,247,276],"multimodal":[51],"landscapes,":[52],"explore":[56],"spaces":[59],"without":[60],"explicit":[61],"gradient":[62],"information,":[63],"evolutionary":[64],"computation":[65],"(EC)":[66],"algorithms":[67,81,118,239],"have":[68],"garnered":[69],"significant":[70],"attention":[71],"in":[72,96,109,119,124],"black-box":[73,260],"optimization.":[74,98,249],"performance":[77,208],"of":[78,104,116,169,199,235,244],"different":[79,129,200],"EC":[80,117,130,238],"optimization":[84,207],"remains":[85],"uncertain,":[86],"which":[87,122,212],"cannot":[88],"provide":[89],"guidance":[90,257],"algorithm":[92,183],"selection":[93],"design":[95],"To":[99],"alleviate":[100],"this,":[101],"series":[103],"investigative":[105],"experiments":[106],"conducted":[108],"this":[110],"paper":[111],"evaluate":[113],"efficiency":[115],"optimization,":[121],"results":[123],"three":[125],"novel":[126],"findings.":[127],"First,":[128],"algorithms,":[131,153],"including":[132],"XNES,":[133],"CMA-ES,":[134],"DE,":[135],"PSO,":[137],"compared":[139],"on":[140,205,272],"various":[141],"few-shot":[142,210],"learning":[143],"The":[145],"findings":[146],"indicate":[147],"that":[148,177,214],"XNES":[149,245],"can":[150],"outperform":[151],"other":[152],"achieving":[154],"faster":[155],"or":[156,191],"smoother":[157],"convergence":[158,222],"higher":[160],"final":[161,225],"accuracy":[162],"under":[163],"high-dimensional":[164],"settings.":[165],"Second,":[166],"role":[168],"truncation":[170],"strategies":[171],"also":[173],"investigated.":[174],"Results":[175],"show":[176],"moderate":[178],"bounds":[179,193],"effectively":[180],"help":[181],"balance":[184],"exploration":[185],"exploitation,":[187],"whereas":[188],"overly":[189],"small":[190],"diminish":[194],"performance.":[195],"Third,":[196],"influence":[198],"k-shot":[201],"values":[202],"examined":[204],"tasks,":[211],"shows":[213],"k=32":[215],"consistently":[216],"provides":[217],"best":[219],"trade-off":[220],"between":[221],"speed":[223],"model":[226],"accuracy.":[227],"In":[228],"conclusion,":[229],"these":[230],"investigations":[231],"validate":[232],"efficacy":[234],"investigated":[237],"highlight":[241],"advantages":[243],"They":[250],"further":[251],"underscore":[252],"importance":[254],"offering":[255],"valuable":[256],"future":[259,270],"tuning":[262],"scenarios.":[263],"These":[264],"insights":[265],"pave":[266],"way":[268],"work":[271],"more":[273],"diverse":[274],"tasks":[277],"with":[278],"larger":[279],"LLMs.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
