{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125947900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342452","title":"Estimating Significant Wave Height from IMU data Using Transformer-Based Time-Series Regression Model","display_name":"Estimating Significant Wave Height from IMU data Using Transformer-Based Time-Series Regression Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125947900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342452"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342452","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342452","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080419451","display_name":"T. Akiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1277-878X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeru Akiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121273582","display_name":"Ryohei SHINOZUKA","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryohei Shinozuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121274338","display_name":"Kaira SUZUKI","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaira Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065236765","display_name":"Taro Fujikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-9080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taro Fujikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109887420","display_name":"Akio Nakamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akio Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Denki University,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,Tokyo,Japan,120-8551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83217054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4679","last_page":"4684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.7268999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-wave-height","display_name":"Significant wave height","score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-height","display_name":"Wave height","score":0.6309000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.40230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.7268999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85910571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674049","display_name":"Significant wave height","level":3,"score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70620910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821563","display_name":"Wave height","level":2,"score":0.6309000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35797730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929527","display_name":"Wave model","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120068334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45343","display_name":"Polynomial regression","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342452","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342452","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8620898723602295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309030","display_name":"Small Business Innovation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/015t55b95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018010756","https://openalex.org/W2970368343","https://openalex.org/W2978989274","https://openalex.org/W2984634794","https://openalex.org/W3215226913","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,23,44,72],"method":[6],"for":[7,43],"estimating":[8],"ocean":[9],"wave":[10,57,89,99,112,155,189],"height":[11,58,100,156,190],"using":[12,95],"data":[13,101,141,164,193],"acquired":[14],"from":[15,114,166,191],"an":[16],"inertial":[17],"measurement":[18,147],"unit":[19],"(IMU)":[20],"mounted":[21],"on":[22,49,144],"free-drifting":[24],"buoy":[25],"deployed":[26],"at":[27],"sea.":[28],"The":[29,91],"IMU":[30,105,116,192],"captures":[31],"three-axis":[32,35],"acceleration":[33],"and":[34,102,119,139,162],"angular":[36],"velocity,":[37],"which":[38],"are":[39,142,165],"used":[40],"as":[41],"input":[42,117],"time-series":[45,184],"regression":[46,185],"model":[47,92,110,186],"based":[48],"the":[50,67,77,83,97,103,109,126,130,145,149,169,181],"Transformer":[51],"architecture.":[52],"During":[53],"training,":[54,108],"ground":[55,132],"truth":[56],"is":[59,93,122,157],"derived":[60],"by":[61,124],"converting":[62],"absolute":[63,151,171],"altitude":[64],"variations\u2014measured":[65],"via":[66],"Centimeter-Level":[68],"Augmentation":[69],"Service":[70],"(CLAS),":[71],"high-precision":[73],"positioning":[74],"service":[75],"of":[76,82],"Quasi-Zenith":[78],"Satellite":[79,86],"System,":[80],"part":[81],"Global":[84],"Navigation":[85],"System\u2014into":[87],"relative":[88],"heights.":[90],"trained":[94],"both":[96],"converted":[98],"corresponding":[104],"measurements.":[106],"After":[107],"estimates":[111,188],"heights":[113],"new":[115],"data,":[118],"its":[120],"performance":[121],"evaluated":[123],"comparing":[125],"estimated":[127],"values":[128],"with":[129,194],"CLAS-derived":[131],"truth.":[133],"Results":[134],"indicate":[135],"that,":[136],"when":[137],"training":[138,161],"test":[140,163],"obtained":[143],"same":[146],"day,":[148],"maximum":[150,170],"error":[152,172],"in":[153],"significant":[154],"0.07":[158],"m.":[159,176],"When":[160],"different":[167],"days,":[168],"remains":[173],"within":[174],"0.06":[175],"These":[177],"results":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"that":[180],"proposed":[182],"Transformer-Based":[183],"effectively":[187],"high":[195],"accuracy.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}