{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391307720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394639","title":"NadGPT: Semi-Supervised Network Anomaly Detection via Auto-Regressive Auxiliary Prediction","display_name":"NadGPT: Semi-Supervised Network Anomaly Detection via Auto-Regressive Auxiliary Prediction","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391307720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394639","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101287573","display_name":"Yuqiao Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuqiao Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093","School of Cyber Security, Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046784854","display_name":"Zhen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328729","display_name":"Liming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-5258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039395621","display_name":"Yuxiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0890-255X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101911275","display_name":"Hongjia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1683-343X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101287573"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64379596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"133","last_page":"138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7623205184936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7364644408226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6568947434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6355143189430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6229134798049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.5015902519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49185991287231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4732418954372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.43142372369766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39220747351646423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3803587853908539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.29496628046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12815076112747192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08389011025428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07079815864562988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7623205184936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7364644408226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6568947434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6355143189430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6229134798049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.5015902519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49185991287231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4732418954372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.43142372369766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39220747351646423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3803587853908539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29496628046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12815076112747192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08389011025428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07079815864562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394639","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538131130","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W2031163547","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2287408518","https://openalex.org/W2335999708","https://openalex.org/W2346714907","https://openalex.org/W2403762311","https://openalex.org/W2519761595","https://openalex.org/W2768282280","https://openalex.org/W2890474333","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2913206818","https://openalex.org/W2944210580","https://openalex.org/W2945177111","https://openalex.org/W2962834855","https://openalex.org/W2963263347","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3090643576","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3134396348","https://openalex.org/W3170863103","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4286914341","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388979610","https://openalex.org/W6632100814","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6696151112","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6796761347","https://openalex.org/W6801655670","https://openalex.org/W6810081322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171218219","https://openalex.org/W1972271943","https://openalex.org/W2150410159","https://openalex.org/W4401571341","https://openalex.org/W4308235887","https://openalex.org/W4386076228","https://openalex.org/W4310825149","https://openalex.org/W2798269247","https://openalex.org/W2168489430","https://openalex.org/W180869904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,137],"present":[1],"NadGPT,":[2],"a":[3,60],"transformer-based":[4],"semi-supervised":[5,110],"framework":[6],"for":[7],"network":[8,26,76,95,147],"anomaly":[9,96],"detection.":[10,97],"It":[11],"is":[12,125],"known":[13],"that":[14],"transformer":[15,33],"models":[16,34,52],"are":[17],"good":[18],"at":[19],"modeling":[20],"long":[21],"sequence":[22,78],"data":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"traffic;":[27],"however,":[28],"without":[29,79],"sufficient":[30],"ground-truth":[31,81],"labels,":[32],"tend":[35],"to":[36,42,66],"suffer":[37],"from":[38],"over-fitting":[39],"thus":[40],"leading":[41],"inferior":[43],"performance.":[44],"Inspired":[45],"by":[46],"the":[47,67,85,90,121,129,133],"recent":[48],"success":[49],"of":[50,92],"GPT":[51],"in":[53,94,146],"natural":[54],"language":[55],"processing":[56],"(NLP),":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"new":[61],"auxiliary":[62],"self-supervised":[63],"task":[64],"plugged":[65],"backbone":[68],"transformer,":[69],"which":[70,124],"enables":[71],"GPT-like":[72],"auto-regressive":[73],"training":[74,107,135],"on":[75,100,120],"traffic":[77,148],"using":[80,132],"labels.":[82],"Experiments":[83],"demonstrate":[84],"proposed":[86],"method":[87],"greatly":[88],"reduces":[89],"requirements":[91],"labels":[93,108],"For":[98],"example,":[99],"ISCX":[101],"2012":[102],"dataset,":[103],"given":[104],"only":[105],"0.05%":[106],"our":[109,139],"approach":[111],"obtains":[112],"nontrivial":[113],"81.7%":[114],"(2-class)":[115],"and":[116],"64.9%":[117],"(5-class)":[118],"Fl-scores":[119],"validation":[122],"set,":[123],"far":[126],"better":[127],"than":[128],"supervised":[130],"counterparts":[131],"same":[134],"data.":[136],"hope":[138],"research":[140],"could":[141],"inspire":[142],"more":[143],"label-efficient":[144],"methods":[145],"analysis.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
