{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205511573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659098","title":"SSVEP-Aided Recognition of Internally and Externally Directed Attention from Brain Activity","display_name":"SSVEP-Aided Recognition of Internally and Externally Directed Attention from Brain Activity","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205511573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034882212","display_name":"Lisa-Marie Vortmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-0950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa-Marie Vortmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074020203","display_name":"Jonas Klaff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Klaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079289276","display_name":"Timo Urban","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Urban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010913778","display_name":"Felix Putze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-8797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Putze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64909091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"2672","last_page":"2677"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7509840726852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.6513999104499817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6499310731887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.606141984462738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6015914678573608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.590865433216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.5786678791046143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flicker","display_name":"Flicker","score":0.5675303339958191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4912263751029968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.461315393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evoked-potential","display_name":"Evoked potential","score":0.42968714237213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canonical-correlation","display_name":"Canonical correlation","score":0.4200180172920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1574421226978302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11833879351615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.08811816573143005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7509840726852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6513999104499817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6499310731887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.606141984462738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6015914678573608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.590865433216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5786678791046143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.5675303339958191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4912263751029968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.461315393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778823896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618678","display_name":"Evoked potential","level":2,"score":0.42968714237213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153874254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115542","display_name":"Canonical correlation","level":2,"score":0.4200180172920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1574421226978302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11833879351615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.08811816573143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982678265","https://openalex.org/W1983839088","https://openalex.org/W2023666981","https://openalex.org/W2044251627","https://openalex.org/W2055414800","https://openalex.org/W2061533263","https://openalex.org/W2099860996","https://openalex.org/W2105478324","https://openalex.org/W2122366741","https://openalex.org/W2142851571","https://openalex.org/W2146126452","https://openalex.org/W2146428413","https://openalex.org/W2160110857","https://openalex.org/W2162095066","https://openalex.org/W2169918686","https://openalex.org/W2536935255","https://openalex.org/W2610389698","https://openalex.org/W2913606428","https://openalex.org/W2979621981","https://openalex.org/W3019840411","https://openalex.org/W3149679044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2321737855","https://openalex.org/W2293800410","https://openalex.org/W1991496323","https://openalex.org/W3183638985","https://openalex.org/W2356150353","https://openalex.org/W2354323478","https://openalex.org/W4320021951","https://openalex.org/W2216848651","https://openalex.org/W2367437682","https://openalex.org/W2363124976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Steady-state":[0],"visually":[1],"evoked":[2],"potentials":[3],"(SSVEP)":[4],"are":[5],"a":[6,48,87,141,156,168,228],"widely":[7],"used":[8,222],"paradigm":[9],"for":[10,103,179,227],"the":[11,20,39,68,104,113,116,119,126,148,164,211],"detection":[12,184,231],"of":[13,22,41,106,115,150,213,244],"attended":[14],"objects.":[15],"However,":[16],"their":[17],"aid":[18,210],"in":[19,31,47,147,186,223],"recognition":[21,212],"other":[23],"attentional":[24,73],"states":[25,74],"has":[26],"not":[27],"yet":[28],"been":[29],"studied":[30],"detail.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"study":[35],"(n=21),":[36],"we":[37],"assessed":[38],"benefits":[40],"including":[42],"SSVEP":[43,91],"stimuli":[44,208],"as":[45,154,163],"probes":[46],"screen-based":[49],"task":[50],"to":[51,167],"classify":[52],"internal":[53,180,214],"and":[54,98,181,215],"external":[55,182,216],"attention":[56,183],"based":[57,75,192],"on":[58,76,118,125,193,199],"16-channel":[59],"EEG":[60],"data":[61],"offline.":[62],"Previous":[63],"studies":[64],"have":[65],"shown":[66],"that":[67,112,195,206],"distinction":[69],"between":[70],"these":[71],"two":[72],"brain":[77],"activity":[78],"is":[79,122],"possible.":[80],"We":[81,110],"compared":[82],"several":[83],"SSVEP-stimulus":[84],"settings":[85],"with":[86,140],"baseline":[88],"where":[89],"no":[90],"stimulus":[92,99,117,139],"was":[93,145,161],"present.":[94],"Different":[95],"flickering":[96,143],"frequencies":[97],"placements":[100],"were":[101,196],"evaluated":[102],"possibilities":[105],"different":[107],"experimental":[108],"setups.":[109],"found":[111],"influence":[114],"classification":[120],"accuracy":[121],"highly":[123],"dependent":[124],"settings.":[127],"The":[128],"Linear":[129],"Discriminant":[130],"Analysis":[131,159],"(LDA)":[132],"performance":[133],"increased":[134],"significantly":[135,188],"when":[136,155],"an":[137],"SSVEP-evoking":[138],"low":[142],"frequency":[144],"present":[146],"center":[149],"fixation.":[151],"As":[152],"well":[153],"Canonical":[157],"Correlation":[158],"(CCA)-coefficient":[160],"added":[162],"SSVEP-specific":[165],"feature":[166,171],"generic":[169],"band-power":[170],"set.":[172],"A":[173],"simple":[174],"training-free,":[175],"person-independent":[176],"threshold":[177],"approach":[178],"resulted":[185],"accuracies":[187],"higher":[189],"than":[190],"chance":[191],"SSVEP-features":[194],"calculated":[197],"only":[198],"three":[200],"occipital":[201],"electrodes.":[202],"These":[203],"results":[204],"show":[205],"such":[207],"can":[209,220],"attention.":[217],"Thus,":[218],"they":[219,234],"be":[221],"experiments":[224],"or":[225],"applications":[226],"more":[229],"robust":[230],"rate.":[232],"Specifically,":[233],"could":[235],"improve":[236],"SSVEP-based":[237],"BCI":[238],"paradigms":[239],"by":[240],"adding":[241],"another":[242],"level":[243],"attention-awareness.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}