{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160068080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658982","title":"A Fine-Grained Visual Attention Approach for Fingerspelling Recognition in the Wild","display_name":"A Fine-Grained Visual Attention Approach for Fingerspelling Recognition in the Wild","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160068080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658982","mag":"3160068080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051872456","display_name":"Kamala Gajurel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamala Gajurel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055955475","display_name":"Cuncong Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuncong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399485","display_name":"Guanghui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-104X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3266","last_page":"3271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8645089864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.6015704870223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.5927084684371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.5637263059616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.556167483329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.509332537651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5038196444511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.46277984976768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33928871154785156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8645089864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.6015704870223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.5927084684371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.5637263059616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.556167483329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.509332537651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5038196444511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.46277984976768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33928871154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W438884741","https://openalex.org/W1755205674","https://openalex.org/W2094193303","https://openalex.org/W2108274355","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2141440284","https://openalex.org/W2791788245","https://openalex.org/W2891267443","https://openalex.org/W2892035828","https://openalex.org/W2908510526","https://openalex.org/W2929692933","https://openalex.org/W2951852399","https://openalex.org/W2962811204","https://openalex.org/W2963169737","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963408148","https://openalex.org/W2964162626","https://openalex.org/W2967079938","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2972557472","https://openalex.org/W2980259163","https://openalex.org/W2991087169","https://openalex.org/W3034765865","https://openalex.org/W3041553411","https://openalex.org/W3046952127","https://openalex.org/W3113051008","https://openalex.org/W3120257917","https://openalex.org/W3157770533","https://openalex.org/W3159075136","https://openalex.org/W3178868030","https://openalex.org/W3187759683","https://openalex.org/W4291920214","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6676729355","https://openalex.org/W6680768788","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6754747464","https://openalex.org/W6755069125","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6761384442","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6781942493","https://openalex.org/W6787473954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308478915","https://openalex.org/W4389049376","https://openalex.org/W2893683540","https://openalex.org/W1986488374","https://openalex.org/W3040456104","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W4312416068","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2010878661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fingerspelling":[0],"in":[1,42,48,71,79,88,101,113,136,149,157,195],"sign":[2,21],"language":[3,22],"has":[4,82],"been":[5],"the":[6,46,49,55,72,76,85,102,111,128,132,137,147,152,177,184,205],"means":[7],"of":[8,26,54,75,95,151],"communicating":[9],"technical":[10],"terms":[11],"and":[12,51,67,107,183],"proper":[13],"nouns":[14],"when":[15,33],"they":[16],"do":[17],"not":[18],"have":[19],"dedicated":[20],"gestures.":[23,73],"Automatic":[24],"recognition":[25,44,59,81],"fingerspelling":[27,43,80,99],"can":[28,190],"help":[29],"resolve":[30],"communication":[31],"barriers":[32],"interacting":[34],"with":[35,162],"deaf":[36],"people.":[37],"The":[38,57,92,140,167,187],"main":[39],"challenges":[40,112],"prevalent":[41],"are":[45],"ambiguity":[47],"gestures":[50],"strong":[52],"articulation":[53],"hands.":[56],"automatic":[58],"model":[60,130],"should":[61],"address":[62],"high":[63,68],"inter-class":[64],"visual":[65,124],"similarity":[66],"intra-class":[69],"variation":[70],"Most":[74],"existing":[77],"research":[78],"focused":[83],"on":[84],"dataset":[86,100,171],"collected":[87],"a":[89,96,114,122,163,196],"controlled":[90],"environment.":[91],"recent":[93],"collection":[94],"large-scale":[97],"annotated":[98],"wild,":[103],"from":[104],"social":[105],"media":[106],"online":[108],"platforms,":[109],"captures":[110],"real-world":[115],"scenario.":[116],"In":[117],"this":[118],"work,":[119],"we":[120],"propose":[121],"fine-grained":[123,141,193],"attention":[125,142,160,194],"mechanism":[126],"using":[127],"Transformer":[129,164],"for":[131],"sequence-to-sequence":[133],"prediction":[134],"task":[135],"wild":[138],"dataset.":[139],"is":[143,172],"achieved":[144],"by":[145,175],"utilizing":[146],"change":[148],"motion":[150],"video":[153,170],"frames":[154],"(optical":[155],"flow)":[156],"sequential":[158],"context-based":[159],"along":[161],"encoder":[165],"model.":[166],"unsegmented":[168],"continuous":[169],"jointly":[173],"trained":[174],"balancing":[176],"Connectionist":[178],"Temporal":[179],"Classification":[180],"(CTC)":[181],"loss":[182],"maximum-entropy":[185],"loss.":[186],"proposed":[188],"approach":[189],"capture":[191],"better":[192],"single":[197],"iteration.":[198],"Experiment":[199],"evaluations":[200],"show":[201],"that":[202],"it":[203],"outperforms":[204],"state-of-the-art":[206],"approaches.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}