{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206806519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658879","title":"Using Deep Learning for Fast Dose Refinement in Proton Therapy","display_name":"Using Deep Learning for Fast Dose Refinement in Proton Therapy","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206806519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658879"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036322916","display_name":"Matteo Spezialetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5786-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Spezialetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","University of L'Aquila, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037614376","display_name":"Fulvio Lapenna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulvio Lapenna","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","University of L'Aquila, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018272575","display_name":"Pasquale Caianiello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-326X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale Caianiello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","University of L'Aquila, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113859741","display_name":"Francesco Fracchiolla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088115","display_name":"Ospedale Santa Chiara","ror":"https://ror.org/007x5wz81","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088115"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Fracchiolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Proton-Therapy Center, Santa Chiara Hospital of Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Proton-Therapy Center, Santa Chiara Hospital of Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101511810","display_name":"F. Muciaccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0850-2649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Muciaccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037825805","display_name":"Giuseppe Placidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4790-4029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Placidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","University of L'Aquila, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011638733","display_name":"G. Russo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-1087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095629","display_name":"Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s2j5046","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095629","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Russo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), Cefal\u00f9, Palermo, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), Cefal\u00f9, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076592750","display_name":"Filippo Mignosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9599-5730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Mignosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy","University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","University of L'Aquila, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036322916"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81662592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"Proton therapy","score":0.8576362133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.6490278840065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6196140050888062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-treatment-planning","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","score":0.5485972166061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5081369876861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.49969053268432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48040154576301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton","display_name":"Proton","score":0.43676936626434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.3848186731338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.383334219455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32202816009521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-therapy","display_name":"Radiation therapy","score":0.2602471709251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22791391611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15785270929336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1376865804195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.13253480195999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10493895411491394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667","display_name":"Proton therapy","level":3,"score":0.8576362133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6490278840065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6196140050888062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201645570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830637","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","level":3,"score":0.5485972166061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5081369876861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.49969053268432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48040154576301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.43676936626434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3848186731338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.383334219455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32202816009521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.2602471709251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22791391611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15785270929336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1376865804195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.13253480195999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10493895411491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1963650567","https://openalex.org/W2030544564","https://openalex.org/W2043603625","https://openalex.org/W2045415729","https://openalex.org/W2083927153","https://openalex.org/W2146488048","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2804847842","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2966075524","https://openalex.org/W2973656919","https://openalex.org/W2979544560","https://openalex.org/W2981674662","https://openalex.org/W2986803156","https://openalex.org/W3005536866","https://openalex.org/W3007317380","https://openalex.org/W3014516527","https://openalex.org/W3084412168","https://openalex.org/W3094548069","https://openalex.org/W3098023271","https://openalex.org/W3105594088","https://openalex.org/W3110116576","https://openalex.org/W3127316871","https://openalex.org/W3127868510","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W4229658977","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6698183232","https://openalex.org/W6725739302","https://openalex.org/W6776109242"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995506051","https://openalex.org/W2122763738","https://openalex.org/W2471453549","https://openalex.org/W2473939400","https://openalex.org/W2465482445","https://openalex.org/W2461957038","https://openalex.org/W3093938138","https://openalex.org/W1974426821","https://openalex.org/W2535240760","https://openalex.org/W2028212731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proton":[0],"therapy":[1,55],"is":[2,47,56],"nowadays":[3],"a":[4],"major":[5],"clinical":[6],"modality":[7],"in":[8,69,102,116],"the":[9,15,66,117,123],"fight":[10],"against":[11],"cancer":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,26,35,96,126],"advantages":[16],"offered":[17],"by":[18,128],"its":[19,28],"peculiar":[20],"depth":[21],"dose":[22,63,84,103],"profile,":[23],"that":[24,57,75,120],"allows":[25],"improve":[27],"efficacy":[29],"on":[30],"tumors":[31],"while":[32],"reducing":[33],"damages":[34],"healthy":[36],"tissues.":[37],"The":[38,108],"number":[39],"of":[40,44,53],"worldwide":[41],"facilities":[42],"and":[43,82,100],"treated":[45],"patients":[46],"increasing":[48],"every":[49],"year.":[50],"A":[51],"challenge":[52],"proton":[54,106],"treatment":[58],"planning":[59],"systems":[60],"require":[61],"accurate":[62,81],"computation,":[64],"but":[65],"golden":[67],"standard":[68],"accuracy":[70,101],"are":[71,76,87,121],"Monte":[72],"Carlo":[73],"algorithms":[74,86],"slow.":[77],"For":[78],"this":[79,90],"reason,":[80],"faster":[83],"calculation":[85,104],"needed.":[88],"In":[89],"paper":[91],"we":[92],"use":[93],"Deep":[94],"Learning":[95],"achieve":[97],"both":[98],"speed":[99],"for":[105],"therapy.":[107],"results":[109],"positively":[110],"compare":[111],"with":[112],"previous":[113],"existing":[114],"literature":[115],"thorax":[118],"cases,":[119],"usually":[122],"most":[124],"difficult":[125],"calculate":[127],"fast":[129],"algorithms.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
