{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206615655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658745","title":"Explainable AI to Analyze Outcomes of Spike Neural Network in Covid-19 Chest X-rays","display_name":"Explainable AI to Analyze Outcomes of Spike Neural Network in Covid-19 Chest X-rays","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206615655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062177671","display_name":"Md. Sarwar Kamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1945-821X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Sarwar Kamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, FEIT University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, FEIT University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060961111","display_name":"Linkon Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3687-5920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114658","display_name":"East Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/022j25y55","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linkon Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["East Delta University, Chattagram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Delta University, Chattagram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000975435","display_name":"Nilanjan Dey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-498X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilanjan Dey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Computer Science, JIS University, Kolkata, India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Computer Science, JIS University, Kolkata, India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086422507","display_name":"Simon Fong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1848-7246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon James Fong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087790566","display_name":"KC Santosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4176-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189957204","display_name":"University of South Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/0043h8f16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kc Santosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92581378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3408","last_page":"3415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8054964542388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6909176111221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.58701491355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5811514854431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.5022382736206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.46098077297210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4601929485797882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.4413532018661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.4366319179534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3746291697025299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33153849840164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2540472745895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.13991177082061768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8054964542388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6909176111221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.58701491355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5811514854431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5022382736206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.46098077297210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4601929485797882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.4413532018661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.4366319179534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3746291697025299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33153849840164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2540472745895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.13991177082061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2115831804","https://openalex.org/W2157239334","https://openalex.org/W2164653071","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W3011716991","https://openalex.org/W3013042142","https://openalex.org/W3016216487","https://openalex.org/W3016236951","https://openalex.org/W3023514375","https://openalex.org/W3028427008","https://openalex.org/W3037662149","https://openalex.org/W3042997832","https://openalex.org/W3086547236","https://openalex.org/W3095297407","https://openalex.org/W3096918659","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3114025153","https://openalex.org/W3114301669","https://openalex.org/W3125902995","https://openalex.org/W3164820705","https://openalex.org/W4205526744","https://openalex.org/W4210667524","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6774774494","https://openalex.org/W6775778661","https://openalex.org/W6776843121","https://openalex.org/W6777140916","https://openalex.org/W6783153350","https://openalex.org/W6910823290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200329650","https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W4205754011","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4205215807","https://openalex.org/W3005417802","https://openalex.org/W4226296940","https://openalex.org/W3028835529","https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3134376730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analysis":[0],"of":[1,18,113],"irregularities":[2],"in":[3,63,115],"Covid-19":[4,44,75,116],"data":[5],"could":[6],"open":[7],"a":[8,51],"new":[9],"window":[10],"to":[11,60,95],"learn":[12],"more":[13],"about":[14],"the":[15,19,43,70],"unprecedented":[16],"problems":[17],"current":[20],"global":[21],"pandemic.":[22,45],"Of":[23],"many,":[24],"radiographs":[25],"and":[26,36],"clinical":[27,87,117],"records":[28,40],"are":[29],"reliable":[30,111],"sources":[31],"for":[32],"viral":[33],"infection":[34],"investigation":[35],"treatment":[37],"planning.":[38],"Clinical":[39],"help":[41],"track":[42],"In":[46,67,81,98],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49,85],"present":[50],"Spike":[52],"Neural":[53],"Network":[54],"(SNN)":[55],"with":[56,104],"supervised":[57],"synaptic":[58],"learning":[59],"detect":[61],"abnormalities":[62,114],"Chest":[64],"X-rays":[65],"(CXRs)":[66],"other":[68],"words,":[69],"proposed":[71],"SNN":[72],"can":[73],"distinguish":[74],"positive":[76],"cases":[77],"from":[78],"healthy":[79],"ones.":[80],"our":[82],"decision-making":[83],"procedure,":[84],"introduce":[86],"practice":[88],"so":[89],"Explainable":[90],"AI":[91],"(XAI)":[92],"is":[93],"possible":[94],"carry":[96],"out.":[97],"addition,":[99],"Support":[100],"Vector":[101],"Machine":[102],"(SVM)":[103],"local":[105],"interpretable":[106],"model-agnostic":[107],"explanation":[108],"(LIME)":[109],"provides":[110],"analysis":[112],"data.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}