{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990346033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2019.8914235","title":"A multi-target c-VEP-based BCI speller utilizing n-gram word prediction and filter bank classification","display_name":"A multi-target c-VEP-based BCI speller utilizing n-gram word prediction and filter bank classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990346033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2019.8914235","mag":"2990346033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2019.8914235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2019.8914235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052325840","display_name":"Felix Gembler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-2993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70865968","display_name":"Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04wdt0z89","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Gembler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018038384","display_name":"Mihaly Benda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-3199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70865968","display_name":"Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04wdt0z89","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihaly Benda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002704318","display_name":"Abdul Saboor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0935-2884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70865968","display_name":"Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04wdt0z89","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Saboor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069251426","display_name":"Ivan Volosyak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6555-7617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70865968","display_name":"Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04wdt0z89","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Volosyak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70865968"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2719","last_page":"2724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.8686985969543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7466689944267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7466601729393005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6681663990020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6547996401786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.6044290065765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5924448370933533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.562953770160675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5312820672988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5107765197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4630560576915741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4282733201980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter-bank","display_name":"Filter bank","score":0.4274980127811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.16133105754852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.14748069643974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10877889394760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.08627939224243164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.8686985969543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7466689944267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7466601729393005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6681663990020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6547996401786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.6044290065765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5924448370933533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.562953770160675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5312820672988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5107765197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4630560576915741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4282733201980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100515483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268235","display_name":"Filter bank","level":3,"score":0.4274980127811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.16133105754852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.14748069643974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10877889394760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.08627939224243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2019.8914235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2019.8914235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W186952275","https://openalex.org/W1017731487","https://openalex.org/W1020527715","https://openalex.org/W1591927733","https://openalex.org/W1974609966","https://openalex.org/W1978536610","https://openalex.org/W1988951376","https://openalex.org/W2060160257","https://openalex.org/W2060472216","https://openalex.org/W2081020044","https://openalex.org/W2098725211","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2121483555","https://openalex.org/W2143183535","https://openalex.org/W2215327308","https://openalex.org/W2255156370","https://openalex.org/W2294178310","https://openalex.org/W2345353767","https://openalex.org/W2590081942","https://openalex.org/W2605492512","https://openalex.org/W2606484670","https://openalex.org/W2766122117","https://openalex.org/W2769052210","https://openalex.org/W2803104288","https://openalex.org/W2806126245","https://openalex.org/W2908714205","https://openalex.org/W6751192661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100947578","https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W1555832326","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2081317458","https://openalex.org/W2021532426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain-Computer":[0],"Interfaces":[1],"(BCIs)":[2],"based":[3,32],"on":[4,33],"code-modulated":[5],"visual":[6],"evoked":[7],"potentials":[8],"can":[9],"be":[10],"used":[11],"as":[12],"hand-free":[13],"communication":[14],"tool":[15],"for":[16,29],"severely":[17],"disabled":[18],"people.":[19],"In":[20,96],"this":[21],"paper":[22],"we":[23],"propose":[24],"a":[25,44,75,78],"filter":[26],"bank":[27],"design":[28],"c-VEP":[30],"BCIs":[31],"alpha,":[34],"beta":[35],"and":[36,77,122,135,142,151],"gamma":[37],"sub-bands.":[38],"The":[39,52,65],"approach":[40],"was":[41,67,82,104,148],"tested":[42,68],"using":[43],"dictionary":[45],"driven":[46],"spelling":[47,80,88,99],"application":[48],"utilizing":[49],"flexible":[50],"time-windows.":[51],"graphical":[53],"user":[54],"interface":[55],"offers":[56],"word":[57,76,87,141],"suggestions":[58],"that":[59],"are":[60],"updated":[61],"after":[62],"each":[63],"selection.":[64],"system":[66],"with":[69],"18":[70],"healthy":[71],"participants.":[72],"Performance":[73],"of":[74,115,132],"sentence":[79,98,143],"task":[81,100],"analyzed.":[83],"Remarkably,":[84],"in":[85,140],"the":[86,97,101,113,116,145],"task,":[89],"all":[90],"participants":[91],"reached":[92,139],"100":[93],"%":[94],"accuracy.":[95],"mean":[102,146],"accuracy":[103],"still":[105],"extremely":[106],"high":[107],"(97":[108],"%).":[109],"Furthermore,":[110],"to":[111],"assess":[112],"speed":[114],"system,":[117],"information":[118],"transfer":[119],"rate":[120],"(ITR)":[121],"output":[123],"characters":[124],"per":[125],"minute":[126],"(OCM)":[127],"were":[128,138],"calculated.":[129],"Mean":[130],"ITRs":[131],"149.3":[133],"bpm":[134,137],"93.1":[136],"spelling;":[144],"OCM":[147],"29.9":[149],"chars/min":[150],"32.1":[152],"chars/min.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}