{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2772165289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2017.8122626","title":"Intelligent hybrid cooperative spectrum sensing: A multi-stage decision fusion approach","display_name":"Intelligent hybrid cooperative spectrum sensing: A multi-stage decision fusion approach","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2772165289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2017.8122626","mag":"2772165289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2017.8122626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2017.8122626","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034944787","display_name":"Raefga Elgadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raefga Elgadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038272884","display_name":"Allaa R. Hilal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allaa R. Hilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031048152","display_name":"Otman Basir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6454-0538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otman Basir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4496,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56352697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1?5","issue":null,"first_page":"340","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7732454538345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-center","display_name":"Fusion center","score":0.7268328666687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.719346821308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5678900480270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.48758333921432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4735107719898224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.47133398056030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.4536050260066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.44305768609046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42089152336120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.4131908714771271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-node","display_name":"Sensor node","score":0.4108036160469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3799073398113251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32944947481155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.23958906531333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.21725401282310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15701398253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.156818687915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15228885412216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14532878994941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.08343565464019775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7732454538345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943505","display_name":"Fusion center","level":4,"score":0.7268328666687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.719346821308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5678900480270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.48758333921432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4735107719898224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.47133398056030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.4536050260066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.44305768609046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42089152336120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.4131908714771271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.4108036160469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3799073398113251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32944947481155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.23958906531333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.21725401282310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15701398253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.156818687915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15228885412216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14532878994941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.08343565464019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2017.8122626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2017.8122626","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520188839","https://openalex.org/W1729574312","https://openalex.org/W2037673368","https://openalex.org/W2054883560","https://openalex.org/W2074403277","https://openalex.org/W2248378417","https://openalex.org/W2280024220","https://openalex.org/W2323968094","https://openalex.org/W2326833178","https://openalex.org/W2342262765","https://openalex.org/W2382361106","https://openalex.org/W2405907999","https://openalex.org/W2512921012","https://openalex.org/W2526398895","https://openalex.org/W2723970121","https://openalex.org/W2766260048","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W6695411720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4239286941","https://openalex.org/W2088845016","https://openalex.org/W2000147971","https://openalex.org/W1558339915","https://openalex.org/W2066353259","https://openalex.org/W2734417830","https://openalex.org/W2349308680","https://openalex.org/W2060761112","https://openalex.org/W413436171","https://openalex.org/W2122957620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cooperative":[0,21],"spectrum":[1,22,71],"sensing":[2,6,23,37,40,72,101,123,138],"is":[3,9,142],"a":[4,63,67,78,107,146],"powerful":[5],"approach":[7,65],"which":[8],"based":[10,110,144],"on":[11,111,145,153],"sharing":[12],"information":[13],"about":[14],"channel":[15],"activities":[16],"among":[17],"secondary":[18],"users":[19],"(SUs).":[20],"aims":[24],"to":[25,45,131],"overcome":[26],"hidden":[27],"node":[28],"problem,":[29],"shadowing":[30],"and":[31,88,92,127,171,199],"fading":[32],"problems,":[33],"it":[34],"also":[35],"enhances":[36],"accuracy.":[38],"However,":[39],"accuracy":[41,193],"may":[42],"degrade":[43],"due":[44],"various":[46],"reasons:":[47],"if":[48],"environmental":[49,90,95,197],"properties":[50,96],"are":[51,56,97],"poor":[52,196],"or":[53],"intra-node":[54,129],"characteristics":[55,130],"continuously":[57],"altering.":[58],"Thus,":[59],"this":[60],"paper":[61],"proposes":[62,106],"novel":[64],"of":[66],"multi-stage":[68,156],"hybrid":[69],"cooperative":[70],"model.":[73],"The":[74,160,182],"first":[75],"stage,":[76],"integrates":[77],"fuzzy":[79],"logic":[80],"system":[81],"for":[82,115,134],"local":[83,100,125],"fusion":[84,117],"center,":[85],"whereby":[86],"SU-mobility":[87,169],"its":[89,93],"properties,":[91],"neighbors'":[94],"included":[98],"in":[99,168],"decision":[102],"process.":[103],"Second":[104],"stage":[105],"neural":[108],"network,":[109],"backpropagation":[112],"learning":[113],"algorithm,":[114],"global":[116,137],"center.":[118],"All":[119],"SUs":[120],"transmit":[121],"their":[122,128],"information,":[124],"decision,":[126],"be":[132],"augmented":[133],"an":[135],"optimized":[136],"decision.":[139],"Neural":[140],"network":[141],"trained":[143],"real-world":[147],"measured":[148],"power":[149],"dataset.":[150],"Extensive":[151],"simulations":[152],"the":[154,187],"proposed":[155,183],"model":[157,185],"were":[158],"performed.":[159],"results":[161],"showed":[162],"high":[163,191],"robustness":[164],"against":[165],"instantaneous":[166],"changes":[167],"levels":[170],"good":[172],"detection":[173,192],"performance":[174],"at":[175,194,200],"very":[176,195],"low":[177],"signal-to-noise":[178],"ratio":[179],"(SNR)":[180],"levels.":[181,203],"prediction":[184],"outperformed":[186],"state-of-the-art":[188],"work":[189],"with":[190],"conditions":[198],"different":[201],"speeds":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}