{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2586553875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844989","title":"A comparison of face speller approaches for P300 BCIs","display_name":"A comparison of face speller approaches for P300 BCIs","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2586553875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844989","mag":"2586553875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844989","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007078334","display_name":"Christoph Guger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-8500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125207","display_name":"Guger Technologies (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/040823y46","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125207"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Guger","raw_affiliation_strings":["g.tec Guger Technologies OG, Schiedlberg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"g.tec Guger Technologies OG, Schiedlberg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030874974","display_name":"Rupert Ortner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4887-2564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125207","display_name":"Guger Technologies (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/040823y46","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125207"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rupert Ortner","raw_affiliation_strings":["g.tec Guger Technologies OG, Schiedlberg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"g.tec Guger Technologies OG, Schiedlberg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113851003","display_name":"Slav H. Dimov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125207","display_name":"Guger Technologies (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/040823y46","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125207"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slav Dimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["g.tec Guger Technologies OG, Schiedlberg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"g.tec Guger Technologies OG, Schiedlberg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070881466","display_name":"Brendan Z. Allison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-982X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan Allison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science Department, UC, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science Department, UC, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74562061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8404520153999329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7177435159683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.599673330783844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.559073269367218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reversing","display_name":"Reversing","score":0.5500341057777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5176263451576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colored","display_name":"Colored","score":0.49727514386177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-motion-capture","display_name":"Facial motion capture","score":0.4600541293621063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-related-potential","display_name":"Event-related potential","score":0.42728984355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42176204919815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3164796233177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.30928850173950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.28571009635925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16458278894424438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.10917946696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.10274159908294678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8404520153999329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7177435159683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.599673330783844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.559073269367218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781085045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318308","display_name":"Reversing","level":2,"score":0.5500341057777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5176263451576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778307483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5149038","display_name":"Colored","level":2,"score":0.49727514386177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98907195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428562","display_name":"Facial motion capture","level":5,"score":0.4600541293621063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67359045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14026181","display_name":"Event-related potential","level":3,"score":0.42728984355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42176204919815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3164796233177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.30928850173950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.28571009635925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16458278894424438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10917946696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.10274159908294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844989","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5015309","https://openalex.org/W1726346477","https://openalex.org/W1959810632","https://openalex.org/W1966525569","https://openalex.org/W1968103670","https://openalex.org/W1976572115","https://openalex.org/W1987554349","https://openalex.org/W1997102466","https://openalex.org/W2023666981","https://openalex.org/W2045640726","https://openalex.org/W2063964843","https://openalex.org/W2065628965","https://openalex.org/W2071049838","https://openalex.org/W2074711172","https://openalex.org/W2087287335","https://openalex.org/W2092926313","https://openalex.org/W2122366741","https://openalex.org/W2134523593","https://openalex.org/W2152465745","https://openalex.org/W2168765820","https://openalex.org/W2498264865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354780065","https://openalex.org/W3011985225","https://openalex.org/W2482155543","https://openalex.org/W2475618665","https://openalex.org/W4224280204","https://openalex.org/W2380977331","https://openalex.org/W2373606770","https://openalex.org/W1995189325","https://openalex.org/W2885769062","https://openalex.org/W2374738829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain-Computer":[0],"Interfaces":[1],"(BCIs)":[2],"can":[3,63,112],"provide":[4,138],"users":[5],"with":[6],"communication,":[7],"control,":[8],"and":[9,34,158,177,210],"other":[10,32,50,87,102,134,169],"capabilities":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13],"specific":[14],"types":[15],"of":[16,82,180],"brain":[17],"activity.":[18],"In":[19,68],"the":[20,58,96,116,130,178,198],"\u201cP300":[21],"BCI\u201d":[22],"approach,":[23,70],"a":[24,27,39,75],"user":[25],"views":[26],"matrix":[28],"containing":[29],"letters":[30],"or":[31,49,86],"characters":[33,43],"silently":[35],"counts":[36],"each":[37,71,79,166,185],"time":[38],"target":[40],"item":[41],"flashes.Classically,":[42],"flashed":[44],"by":[45],"briefly":[46],"reversing":[47,84],"color":[48,85,164,176],"basic":[51],"changes.":[52,89],"Recent":[53],"work":[54],"has":[55,119],"shown":[56,120],"that":[57,111,121,133,161],"new":[59],"\"face":[60,117],"speller\"":[61,118],"approach":[62],"improve":[64,113,125],"P300":[65,146],"BCI":[66,126,147],"performance.":[67],"this":[69],"character":[72],"changes":[73,136],"to":[74,94],"human":[76],"face":[77,122,173,193],"during":[78,165,184],"\"flash\"":[80],"instead":[81],"simply":[83,162],"simple":[88],"The":[90,142],"neural":[91],"activity":[92],"required":[93],"process":[95],"attended":[97],"face,":[98],"as":[99,101],"well":[100],"stimulus":[103,135],"changes,":[104],"may":[105,124,204],"elicit":[106],"more":[107],"distinct":[108],"evoked":[109],"potentials":[110],"classification.":[114],"While":[115],"presentation":[123],"performance,":[127],"it":[128],"raises":[129],"broader":[131],"possibility":[132],"could":[137],"further":[139],"performance":[140,148],"improvements.":[141],"present":[143],"study":[144],"explored":[145,171],"across":[149],"four":[150],"conditions.":[151],"A":[152],"control":[153],"condition":[154],"used":[155],"\"upturned\"":[156,200],"black":[157,209],"white":[159,211],"stimuli":[160],"reversed":[163],"flash.":[167,186],"Three":[168],"conditions":[170,195],"different":[172,181],"conditions,":[174],"varying":[175],"number":[179],"faces":[182,203],"presented":[183],"Accuracy":[187],"was":[188],"higher":[189,206],"in":[190,197],"all":[191],"three":[192],"speller":[194],"than":[196,208],"conventional":[199],"condition.":[201],"Colored":[202],"yield":[205],"accuracy":[207],"faces.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}