{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2587527252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844530","title":"Eye-based driver state monitor of distraction, drowsiness, and cognitive load for transitions of control in automated driving","display_name":"Eye-based driver state monitor of distraction, drowsiness, and cognitive load for transitions of control in automated driving","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2587527252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844530","mag":"2587527252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015716954","display_name":"Christopher Cabrall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-0160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Cabrall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology/Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology/Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110476270","display_name":"Nico Janssen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nico Janssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology/Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology/Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110196025","display_name":"Joel Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Goncalves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Munchen/Lehrstuhl fur Ergonomie, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Munchen/Lehrstuhl fur Ergonomie, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037566757","display_name":"Alberto Morando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-6773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Morando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology/Division of Vehicle Safety, Goteborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology/Division of Vehicle Safety, Goteborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030004573","display_name":"Matthew Sassman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Sassman","raw_affiliation_strings":["IFSTTAR/Laboratoire Ergonomie et Sciences Cognitives pour les Transport, Lyon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IFSTTAR/Laboratoire Ergonomie et Sciences Cognitives pour les Transport, Lyon, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037003206","display_name":"Joost de Winter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost de Winter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology/Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology/Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84356346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"001981","last_page":"001982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.8615320920944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6801989674568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6765090823173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6065109372138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5322869420051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.5243589878082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5010788440704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4920617938041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.48698028922080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.48190170526504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.47430041432380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.4320467710494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.42686140537261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2763831615447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24044907093048096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.8615320920944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6801989674568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6765090823173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6065109372138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5322869420051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.5243589878082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5010788440704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4920617938041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48698028922080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.48190170526504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47430041432380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.4320467710494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.42686140537261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2763831615447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24044907093048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.lib.chalmers.se:248982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/248982-eye-based-driver-state-monitor-of-distraction-drowsiness-and-cognitive-load-for-transitions-of-contr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196470","display_name":"Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text.Article.Conference.PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:248982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/248982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:664a145d-c59f-431f-9abf-5719a8358f85","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:664a145d-c59f-431f-9abf-5719a8358f85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201421746","https://openalex.org/W287661685","https://openalex.org/W2111587852","https://openalex.org/W2407991507","https://openalex.org/W2546655401","https://openalex.org/W2591393829","https://openalex.org/W2905531085","https://openalex.org/W3121623025","https://openalex.org/W4247387102","https://openalex.org/W6610369377","https://openalex.org/W6757064818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984342691","https://openalex.org/W2470048815","https://openalex.org/W2324884046","https://openalex.org/W641612223","https://openalex.org/W2906771794","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W2529275262","https://openalex.org/W2604475261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"driving":[1,114,140,157],"vehicles":[2],"of":[3,14,21,92],"the":[4,90,113],"future":[5,148],"will":[6],"most":[7],"likely":[8],"include":[9,18],"multiple":[10],"modes":[11],"and":[12,16,26,35,47,63,71,126,133,150,156],"levels":[13],"operation":[15],"thus":[17],"various":[19,138],"transitions":[20],"control":[22],"(ToC)":[23],"between":[24],"human":[25],"machine.":[27],"Traditional":[28],"activation":[29],"devices":[30],"(e.g.,":[31],"knobs,":[32],"switches,":[33],"buttons,":[34],"touchscreens)":[36],"may":[37,56],"be":[38],"confused":[39],"by":[40],"operators":[41],"among":[42],"other":[43],"system":[44,95,144],"setting":[45],"manipulators":[46],"also":[48],"susceptible":[49],"to":[50,67,116],"inappropriate":[51],"usage.":[52],"Non-intrusive":[53],"eye-tracking":[54],"measures":[55],"assess":[57],"driver":[58,75,83,124],"states":[59],"(i.e.,":[60],"distraction,":[61],"drowsiness,":[62],"cognitive":[64],"overload)":[65],"automatically":[66],"trigger":[68],"manual-to-automation":[69],"ToC":[70,118],"serve":[72],"as":[73,106,108],"a":[74],"readiness":[76],"verification":[77],"during":[78],"automation-to-manual":[79],"ToC.":[80],"Our":[81],"integrated":[82,143],"state":[84],"monitor":[85],"is":[86],"overviewed":[87],"here":[88],"within":[89,137],"scope":[91],"this":[93],"brief":[94],"description/demonstration":[96],"paper.":[97],"It":[98],"combines":[99],"gaze":[100,102],"position,":[101],"variability,":[103],"eyelid":[104],"opening,":[105],"well":[107],"external":[109],"environmental":[110],"complexity":[111],"from":[112],"scene":[115],"facilitate":[117],"in":[119],"automated":[120,139],"driving.":[121],"As":[122],"both":[123],"facing":[125,128],"forward":[127],"cameras":[129],"become":[130],"increasingly":[131],"commonplace":[132],"even":[134],"legally":[135],"mandated":[136],"vehicles,":[141],"our":[142],"helps":[145],"inform":[146],"relevant":[147],"research":[149],"development":[151],"towards":[152],"improved":[153],"human-computer":[154],"interaction":[155],"safety.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}