{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415399333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204632","title":"A Graph Embedding-Based Risk Analysis Case Study of a 2000-bus Cyber-Physical Power System","display_name":"A Graph Embedding-Based Risk Analysis Case Study of a 2000-bus Cyber-Physical Power System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415399333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204632"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204632","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101135574","display_name":"Shining Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7012-4219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shining Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120084158","display_name":"Andrew Maehl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Maehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085535502","display_name":"Xiang Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3997-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020104791","display_name":"Khandaker Akramul Haque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0111-1568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khandaker Akramul Haque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038128617","display_name":"Hao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4855-7441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University,Princeton,NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University,Princeton,NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University,Princeton,NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University,Princeton,NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018801116","display_name":"Ana Goulart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7184-7485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana E. Goulart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019388047","display_name":"Katherine Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1603-1122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&#x0026;M University,College Station,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101135574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37776558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14042","display_name":"Technology and Security Systems","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12451","display_name":"Smart Grid and Power Systems","score":0.9178000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackout","display_name":"Blackout","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failure","display_name":"Cascading failure","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.3813999891281128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359099","display_name":"Blackout","level":4,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30098461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909342","display_name":"Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157085824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384809","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779697362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390516","display_name":"Control room","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2412688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503732","display_name":"Protective relay","level":4,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204632","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"systems":[1],"are":[2],"increasingly":[3],"exposed":[4],"to":[5,20,39,43,93,149,174,202,235],"cyber":[6,196],"threats.":[7],"These":[8],"threats":[9,29],"elevate":[10],"both":[11],"operational":[12],"and":[13,16,33,47,89,99,128,138,155,197,208,215,239],"security":[14],"risks":[15],"pose":[17],"significant":[18],"challenges":[19],"the":[21,83,100,144,151,184,190,195,212,224],"resilience":[22,238],"of":[23,63,102,143,153,166],"critical":[24],"infrastructure.":[25],"To":[26,52,108],"counter":[27],"these":[28],"in":[30,244],"a":[31,59,64,72,87,114,134,147,175],"generalizable":[32],"scalable":[34],"way,":[35],"it":[36],"is":[37,186],"important":[38],"develop":[40],"effective":[41],"methods":[42],"predict":[44],"adversarial":[45],"actions":[46],"conduct":[48],"quantitative":[49],"risk":[50,61],"assessments.":[51],"address":[53],"this":[54,56],"need,":[55],"paper":[57],"presents":[58],"comprehensive":[60],"analysis":[62],"2000-bus":[65],"cyber-physical":[66,84,246],"power":[67,181,247],"system":[68,85],"test":[69],"case":[70],"using":[71],"Graph":[73],"Embedding":[74],"Approach":[75],"for":[76,168],"Cyber-physical":[77],"Risk":[78],"Analysis":[79],"(GEACRA).":[80],"GEACRA":[81,192],"models":[82,117],"as":[86,162],"graph":[88],"uses":[90],"Node2Vec-based":[91],"technique":[92],"identify":[94],"high-risk":[95,218],"components,":[96],"access":[97,132],"pathways,":[98],"likelihood":[101],"each":[103],"component":[104],"being":[105],"affected":[106,228],"next.":[107],"demonstrate":[109],"its":[110],"application,":[111],"we":[112],"construct":[113],"scenario":[115],"that":[116],"an":[118,123],"Advanced":[119],"Persistent":[120],"Threat":[121],"where":[122],"adversary":[124],"gains":[125],"Supervisory":[126],"Control":[127],"Data":[129],"Acquisition":[130],"(SCADA)":[131],"through":[133],"spear":[135],"phishing":[136],"attack":[137],"remotely":[139],"trips":[140],"circuit":[141],"breakers":[142,167],"transformers":[145],"at":[146],"substation":[148],"cause":[150],"loss":[152],"loads":[154],"line":[156],"overloads.":[157],"Further":[158],"malicious":[159],"activities,":[160],"such":[161],"continuous":[163],"remote":[164],"tripping":[165],"lines":[169],"or":[170],"transformers,":[171],"can":[172],"lead":[173],"potential":[176],"cascading":[177],"failure":[178],"with":[179,206,223],"widespread":[180],"outages":[182],"if":[183],"intrusion":[185],"not":[187],"mitigated.":[188],"In":[189],"scenarios,":[191],"effectively":[193],"identifies":[194],"physical":[198],"nodes":[199],"most":[200],"likely":[201],"be":[203],"compromised":[204],"next,":[205],"100%":[207],"88.9%":[209],"accuracy":[210],"among":[211],"top":[213,216],"2":[214],"18":[217],"nodes,":[219],"respectively,":[220],"when":[221],"compared":[222],"simulation":[225],"results":[226,231],"on":[227],"components.":[229],"The":[230],"highlight":[232],"GEACRA\u2019s":[233],"capability":[234],"improve":[236],"grid":[237],"support":[240],"proactive":[241],"mitigation":[242],"strategies":[243],"complex":[245],"systems.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}
