{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415398222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204624","title":"Adaptive Reinforcement-Learning Based Automatic Generation Control for Smart Grid Cyber-Resilience","display_name":"Adaptive Reinforcement-Learning Based Automatic Generation Control for Smart Grid Cyber-Resilience","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415398222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204624"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687536","display_name":"Amr S. Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-4200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr S. Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Toronto,Canada,M5S 3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Toronto,Canada,M5S 3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077035168","display_name":"Deepa Kundur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepa Kundur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Toronto,Canada,M5S 3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Toronto,Canada,M5S 3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25077221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.8934000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.8934000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.8604999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.8224999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.7953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6870999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6650999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.3912000060081482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.7953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6870999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6650999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972523481","https://openalex.org/W2115472369","https://openalex.org/W2244256397","https://openalex.org/W2607847905","https://openalex.org/W2893387339","https://openalex.org/W2901621510","https://openalex.org/W2914738388","https://openalex.org/W2959698374","https://openalex.org/W2980418550","https://openalex.org/W2994110319","https://openalex.org/W3033672499","https://openalex.org/W3035460113","https://openalex.org/W3046032793","https://openalex.org/W3080768274","https://openalex.org/W3094758040","https://openalex.org/W3160398797","https://openalex.org/W4280576355","https://openalex.org/W4391164460","https://openalex.org/W4391468240"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adaptive":[0],"control":[1,8,41,73],"in":[2,10,32,47,54,123],"smart":[3,55],"grids,":[4],"which":[5],"dynamically":[6],"adjusts":[7],"parameters":[9],"real":[11],"time":[12],"to":[13,15,26],"respond":[14],"changing":[16],"grid":[17,34,56],"conditions,":[18],"has":[19],"become":[20],"a":[21,44,67,124],"growing":[22],"research":[23],"focus":[24],"due":[25],"the":[27,82,102],"increasing":[28],"variability":[29],"and":[30,86,95],"uncertainty":[31],"modern":[33],"operations.":[35],"Beyond":[36],"optimizing":[37],"system":[38],"performance,":[39],"adaptive":[40,71],"can":[42],"play":[43],"crucial":[45],"role":[46],"mitigating":[48],"malicious":[49],"cyberattacks":[50,92],"that":[51,119],"exploit":[52],"vulnerabilities":[53],"infrastructure,":[57],"thereby":[58],"strengthening":[59],"cyber":[60],"resilience.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65],"investigate":[66],"Reinforcement":[68],"Learning":[69],"(RL)-based":[70],"PI":[72,110],"approach":[74],"for":[75,81],"centralized":[76],"Automatic":[77],"Generation":[78],"Control":[79],"(AGC),":[80],"purposes":[83],"of":[84,104],"detecting":[85],"rejecting":[87],"False":[88],"Data":[89],"Injection":[90],"(FDI)":[91],"manipulating":[93],"frequency":[94],"tie-line":[96],"power":[97,126],"AGC":[98,121],"measurements.":[99],"We":[100],"compare":[101],"performance":[103],"our":[105],"RL-based":[106],"method":[107],"against":[108],"traditional":[109],"AGC,":[111],"showing":[112],"improved":[113],"resilience":[114],"under":[115],"various":[116],"attack":[117],"scenarios":[118],"manipulate":[120],"measurements":[122],"three-area":[125],"system.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}