{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415399805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204588","title":"Cyber-Physical Co-Simulation of Load Frequency Control under Load-Altering Attacks","display_name":"Cyber-Physical Co-Simulation of Load Frequency Control under Load-Altering Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415399805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204588"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204588","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119896087","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Forystek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Forystek","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),CEMSE Division"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),CEMSE Division","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058537991","display_name":"Andrew D. Syrmakesis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9159-0867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew D. Syrmakesis","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021322593","display_name":"Alkistis Kontou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4314-0623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alkistis Kontou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045018533","display_name":"Panos Kotsampopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7927-3516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panos Kotsampopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017845115","display_name":"Nikos Hatziargyriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5296-191X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikos D. Hatziargyriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Technical University of Athens,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017966599","display_name":"Charalambos Konstantinou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-3930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charalambos Konstantinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),CEMSE Division"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),CEMSE Division","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119896087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85870063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.6281999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6086000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-shedding","display_name":"Load Shedding","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-demand","display_name":"Dynamic demand","score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-grid","display_name":"Frequency grid","score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-regulation","display_name":"Frequency regulation","score":0.48089998960494995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.6281999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6086000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6026999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Load Shedding","level":4,"score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45872418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318966","display_name":"Dynamic demand","level":3,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21905445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502873","display_name":"Frequency grid","level":3,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983304839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747997","display_name":"Frequency regulation","level":4,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.46779999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776098794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663315","display_name":"Load regulation","level":3,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12839126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318989","display_name":"Dynamic load testing","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632136","display_name":"Security controls","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29760048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677562","display_name":"Active load","level":4,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm65349.2025.11204588","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489327260","https://openalex.org/W2330650066","https://openalex.org/W2545258053","https://openalex.org/W2774581802","https://openalex.org/W3085548458","https://openalex.org/W3093806473","https://openalex.org/W3128916999","https://openalex.org/W3155988191","https://openalex.org/W3204230342","https://openalex.org/W4214813940","https://openalex.org/W4327926825","https://openalex.org/W4389495170","https://openalex.org/W4396629496","https://openalex.org/W4399627492","https://openalex.org/W4400315026","https://openalex.org/W4407097814","https://openalex.org/W4409536612","https://openalex.org/W4414941138"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrating":[0],"Information":[1],"and":[2,27,44,155],"Communications":[3],"Technology":[4],"(ICT)":[5],"devices":[6,79],"into":[7],"the":[8,18,53,64,91,111,131,135,146,150],"power":[9,117,132],"grid":[10,19,97,108,118,133,140],"brings":[11],"many":[12],"benefits.":[13],"However,":[14],"it":[15],"also":[16],"exposes":[17],"to":[20,80,95,107],"new":[21],"potential":[22],"cyber":[23,119],"threats.":[24],"Many":[25],"control":[26],"protection":[28],"mechanisms,":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31],"Load":[32,47,70],"Frequency":[33,46],"Control":[34],"(LFC),":[35],"responsible":[36],"for":[37,100],"maintaining":[38],"nominal":[39],"frequency":[40,98],"during":[41,55],"load":[42,54,82,92],"fluctuations":[43],"Under":[45],"Shedding":[48],"(UFLS)":[49],"disconnecting":[50],"portion":[51],"of":[52,77,113,149],"an":[56,125],"emergency,":[57],"are":[58],"dependent":[59],"on":[60],"information":[61],"exchange":[62],"through":[63],"communication":[65,114,137],"network.":[66],"The":[67],"recently":[68],"emerging":[69],"Altering":[71],"Attacks":[72],"(LAAs)":[73],"utilize":[74],"a":[75,104],"botnet":[76],"high-wattage":[78],"introduce":[81],"fluctuation.":[83],"In":[84],"their":[85],"dynamic":[86],"form":[87],"(DLAAs),":[88],"they":[89],"manipulate":[90],"in":[93,116,152],"response":[94],"live":[96],"measurements":[99],"increased":[101],"efficiency,":[102],"posing":[103],"notable":[105],"threat":[106],"stability.":[109],"Recognizing":[110],"importance":[112],"networks":[115],"security":[120],"research,":[121],"this":[122],"paper":[123],"presents":[124],"open-source":[126],"co-simulation":[127],"environment":[128],"that":[129],"models":[130],"with":[134],"corresponding":[136],"network,":[138],"implementing":[139],"protective":[141],"mechanisms.":[142],"This":[143],"setup":[144],"allows":[145],"comprehensive":[147],"analysis":[148],"attacks":[151],"concrete":[153],"LFC":[154],"UFLS":[156],"scenarios.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}