{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310584264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm52983.2022.9961042","title":"Early Detection of GOOSE Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks in IEC 61850 Substations","display_name":"Early Detection of GOOSE Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks in IEC 61850 Substations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310584264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm52983.2022.9961042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm52983.2022.9961042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm52983.2022.9961042","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025369498","display_name":"Ghada Elbez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1137-1782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157642","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/056qj1t15","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157642","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghada Elbez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),KASTEL Security Research Labs,Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,Germany","KASTEL Security Research Labs, Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),KASTEL Security Research Labs,Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KASTEL Security Research Labs, Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I4210157642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074224097","display_name":"Klara Nahrstedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6813-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klara Nahrstedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Trust Institute (ITI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC),Urbana,Illinois,USA","Information Trust Institute (ITI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Trust Institute (ITI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC),Urbana,Illinois,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Trust Institute (ITI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014228448","display_name":"Veit Hagenmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3572-9083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157642","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/056qj1t15","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157642","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veit Hagenmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),KASTEL Security Research Labs,Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,Germany","KASTEL Security Research Labs, Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),KASTEL Security Research Labs,Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KASTEL Security Research Labs, Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I4210157642"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025369498"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I4210157642"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7229,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69505259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"367","last_page":"373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iec-61850","display_name":"IEC 61850","score":0.9698636531829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goose","display_name":"Goose","score":0.8529640436172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7796941995620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6318554282188416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5654911398887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.45250144600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4296901822090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3834613561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3106541633605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2612302303314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1652543544769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1305190622806549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07676032185554504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.9698636531829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781126499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16529344","display_name":"Goose","level":2,"score":0.8529640436172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7796941995620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6318554282188416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5654911398887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.45250144600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4296901822090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3834613561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3106541633605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2612302303314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1652543544769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1305190622806549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07676032185554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm52983.2022.9961042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm52983.2022.9961042","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550654601","https://openalex.org/W1933020797","https://openalex.org/W1979315960","https://openalex.org/W1983818306","https://openalex.org/W2030140501","https://openalex.org/W2036463896","https://openalex.org/W2043314203","https://openalex.org/W2048211164","https://openalex.org/W2073795924","https://openalex.org/W2121098361","https://openalex.org/W2127548576","https://openalex.org/W2150010190","https://openalex.org/W2156916299","https://openalex.org/W2160841769","https://openalex.org/W2482274939","https://openalex.org/W2515527499","https://openalex.org/W2542770903","https://openalex.org/W2563466111","https://openalex.org/W2783069543","https://openalex.org/W2887380098","https://openalex.org/W2896851850","https://openalex.org/W2904457314","https://openalex.org/W2907689277","https://openalex.org/W2975698070","https://openalex.org/W3090821644","https://openalex.org/W3117841597","https://openalex.org/W3161881368","https://openalex.org/W4214778247","https://openalex.org/W4247848308","https://openalex.org/W4249116379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367739416","https://openalex.org/W2352028207","https://openalex.org/W1847012216","https://openalex.org/W2383397189","https://openalex.org/W4376119504","https://openalex.org/W2364323245","https://openalex.org/W2352925240","https://openalex.org/W1984507003","https://openalex.org/W2378142920","https://openalex.org/W2355316445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"availability":[1],"of":[2,13,32,36,51,67,82,101,136,150,152,163],"communication":[3],"in":[4,40,57,123],"IEC":[5,83],"61850":[6,84],"substations":[7,85],"can":[8,53],"be":[9],"hindered":[10],"by":[11],"Denial":[12],"Service":[14],"(DoS)":[15],"that":[16,75],"result":[17],"from":[18],"an":[19,58,137,146],"advanced":[20],"Generic":[21],"Object":[22],"Oriented":[23],"Substation":[24],"Event":[25],"(GOOSE)":[26],"poisoning":[27,111],"attacks.":[28],"To":[29,97],"the":[30,37,41,55,64,79,99,102,116,134],"best":[31],"our":[33],"knowledge,":[34],"most":[35],"available":[38],"approaches":[39],"literature":[42],"are":[43],"unable":[44],"to":[45,119],"detect":[46],"similar":[47,125],"attacks":[48],"and":[49,86,94,145],"none":[50],"them":[52],"offer":[54],"detection":[56,92,95,105,139,148],"early":[59,138],"manner.":[60],"Thus,":[61],"we":[62],"develop":[63],"Early":[65],"Detection":[66],"Attacks":[68],"for":[69],"GOOSE":[70,110],"Network":[71],"Traffic":[72],"(EDA4GNeT)":[73],"method":[74,106],"takes":[76],"into":[77],"account":[78],"specific":[80,109],"features":[81],"offers":[87],"a":[88,113,124,129,158],"good":[89],"trade-off":[90],"between":[91],"performance":[93],"time.":[96],"validate":[98],"efficiency":[100],"novel":[103],"anomaly":[104],"against":[107],"those":[108],"attacks,":[112],"comparison":[114],"with":[115,157],"closest":[117],"works":[118],"ours":[120],"is":[121],"conducted":[122],"use":[126],"case":[127],"representing":[128],"T1-1":[130],"substation.":[131],"Results":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"possibility":[135],"approximately":[140],"37":[141],"time":[142],"samples":[143],"ahead":[144],"average":[147],"rate":[149,162],"EDA4GNeT":[151],"more":[153],"than":[154,165],"99":[155],"%":[156],"low":[159],"false":[160],"positive":[161],"less":[164],"1":[166],"%.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}