{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113396060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302983","title":"Optimal Cyber Defense Strategy of High-Voltage DC Systems for Frequency Deviation Mitigation","display_name":"Optimal Cyber Defense Strategy of High-Voltage DC Systems for Frequency Deviation Mitigation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113396060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302983","mag":"3113396060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302983","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032431484","display_name":"Jiazuo Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-6585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiazuo Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071073019","display_name":"Shunbo Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-0821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunbo Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011013184","display_name":"Wenqian Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-499X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqian Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101446947","display_name":"Chaoyi Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8268-4519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoyi Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power Dispatch and Control Center, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power Dispatch and Control Center, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034739083","display_name":"Yunhe Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8882-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhe Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032431484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64171602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2015","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9174000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controllability","display_name":"Controllability","score":0.6840125918388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6567210555076599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6202079057693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5882120132446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-system","display_name":"Transmission system","score":0.5632390975952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-transmission","display_name":"Power transmission","score":0.45522746443748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.44681480526924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-deviation","display_name":"Frequency deviation","score":0.43721985816955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.43292102217674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-voltage-direct-current","display_name":"High-voltage direct current","score":0.42675548791885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4244823455810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","score":0.41705259680747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.4169146418571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.40721070766448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3979957699775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2804485559463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.26564133167266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2612992525100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.24986904859542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24456223845481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.21094703674316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20499280095100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1278398633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11027956008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-current","display_name":"Direct current","score":0.09511673450469971}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.6840125918388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6567210555076599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6202079057693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5882120132446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113608303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056835","display_name":"Transmission system","level":3,"score":0.5632390975952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.45522746443748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.44681480526924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.43721985816955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.43292102217674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781163877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370607","display_name":"High-voltage direct current","level":4,"score":0.42675548791885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4244823455810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.41705259680747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.4169146418571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40721070766448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3979957699775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2804485559463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26564133167266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2612992525100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.24986904859542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24456223845481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.21094703674316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20499280095100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1278398633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11027956008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776620479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159241","display_name":"Direct current","level":3,"score":0.09511673450469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302983","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3193141506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202102274825310801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571583956","https://openalex.org/W783408843","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1936423888","https://openalex.org/W2041830596","https://openalex.org/W2149860591","https://openalex.org/W2435203810","https://openalex.org/W2543652476","https://openalex.org/W2550453031","https://openalex.org/W2793107922","https://openalex.org/W2940489709","https://openalex.org/W3004227136","https://openalex.org/W6622549092","https://openalex.org/W6640675774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372919208","https://openalex.org/W4385734551","https://openalex.org/W2262506596","https://openalex.org/W2612827389","https://openalex.org/W2730791322","https://openalex.org/W2784497987","https://openalex.org/W1998367034","https://openalex.org/W2621094254","https://openalex.org/W2803089980","https://openalex.org/W2383501250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,84,93,121],"critical":[2],"infrastructure":[3],"for":[4,56],"bulk":[5],"power":[6,9],"transmission":[7,15,58,124],"in":[8,120],"system,":[10],"the":[11,18,26,32,40,62,75,102,105,113],"high-voltage":[12],"DC":[13],"(HVDC)":[14],"system":[16,28,42,59],"faces":[17],"problem":[19,100],"of":[20,25,52,74,104,112],"potential":[21],"cyberthreats.":[22],"The":[23,71,110],"controllability":[24],"HVDC":[27,41,57,123],"heavily":[29],"relies":[30],"on":[31,68],"measurements":[33,69],"and":[34,77],"corresponding":[35],"communication":[36],"systems,":[37],"which":[38,89],"makes":[39],"vulnerable":[43],"to":[44,60],"cyberattacks.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"an":[49],"optimal":[50,114],"sequence":[51,73],"cyber":[53,78,115],"defense":[54,79,116],"strategy":[55,117],"minimize":[61],"frequency":[63],"deviation":[64],"caused":[65],"by":[66],"cyberattacks":[67],"spoofing.":[70],"whole":[72],"cyberattack":[76,108],"strategies":[80],"are":[81],"modeled":[82],"as":[83],"multi-stage":[85],"attack-defense":[86],"decision":[87],"problem,":[88],"is":[90,118],"transferred":[91],"into":[92],"single-level":[94],"mixed":[95],"integer":[96],"quadratic":[97],"programming":[98],"(MIQP)":[99],"with":[101],"assumption":[103],"simple":[106],"if-else":[107],"strategy.":[109],"effectiveness":[111],"verified":[119],"two-terminal":[122],"system.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
