{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116074034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302935","title":"Demand-Side Scheduling Based on Multi-Agent Deep Actor-Critic Learning for Smart Grids","display_name":"Demand-Side Scheduling Based on Multi-Agent Deep Actor-Critic Learning for Smart Grids","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116074034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302935","mag":"3116074034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.01979","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052511985","display_name":"Joash Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8837-5290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joash Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046054684","display_name":"Wenbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7500-8723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052511985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80109137,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.8157433271408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7618061304092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7267109155654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5842975378036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5741403698921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5706498622894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5104418992996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4893183410167694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4888705611228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter","display_name":"Smart meter","score":0.4768967628479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.46757274866104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.4601266086101532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.4539782702922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3926602005958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34764784574508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16403725743293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09696856141090393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.8157433271408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7618061304092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7267109155654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5842975378036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5741403698921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5706498622894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5104418992996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4893183410167694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4888705611228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.4768967628479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.46757274866104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.4601266086101532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.4539782702922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3926602005958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34764784574508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16403725743293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09696856141090393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9302935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2005.01979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01979","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.01979","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/144903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/144903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2005.01979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01979","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.01979","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46933459","https://openalex.org/W780398024","https://openalex.org/W1542941925","https://openalex.org/W2024998154","https://openalex.org/W2038619526","https://openalex.org/W2068060907","https://openalex.org/W2069090512","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W2082291889","https://openalex.org/W2277948250","https://openalex.org/W2343935207","https://openalex.org/W2395575420","https://openalex.org/W2472763926","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2795276745","https://openalex.org/W2808561773","https://openalex.org/W2963000099","https://openalex.org/W2963317745","https://openalex.org/W2963407617","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W3093287223","https://openalex.org/W4295598622","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6712181171","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6749304979"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3018909029","https://openalex.org/W3205631650","https://openalex.org/W2775355700","https://openalex.org/W2246071452","https://openalex.org/W2165970106","https://openalex.org/W1985785385","https://openalex.org/W1124398682","https://openalex.org/W4316660856","https://openalex.org/W2387071565","https://openalex.org/W2052546123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,97],"consider":[1],"the":[2,30,47,55,94,112,116,119,156,164],"problem":[3],"of":[4,57,115,131,159,166],"demand-side":[5],"energy":[6,95,161],"management,":[7],"where":[8],"each":[9],"household":[10,67],"is":[11,18,27,68],"equipped":[12],"with":[13,72,93],"a":[14,34,58,63,69,81,88,102,125,177],"smart":[15,59],"meter":[16],"that":[17,91,128,146],"able":[19],"to":[20,28,101,107],"schedule":[21],"home":[22],"appliances":[23],"online.":[24],"The":[25,84],"goal":[26],"minimize":[29],"overall":[31],"cost":[32,165],"under":[33],"real-time":[35],"pricing":[36],"scheme.":[37],"While":[38],"previous":[39],"works":[40],"have":[41],"introduced":[42],"centralized":[43,126,138],"approaches":[44],"in":[45,80],"which":[46,75],"scheduling":[48],"algorithm":[49,106,123],"has":[50],"full":[51],"observability,":[52,74],"we":[53],"propose":[54,98],"formulation":[56],"grid":[60,85],"environment":[61,117],"as":[62],"Markov":[64],"game.":[65],"Each":[66],"decentralized":[70,132,141],"agent":[71],"partial":[73,109],"allows":[76],"scalability":[77],"and":[78,111,163,176],"privacy-preservation":[79],"realistic":[82],"setting.":[83],"operator":[86],"produces":[87],"price":[89,178],"signal":[90],"varies":[92],"demand.":[96],"an":[99],"extension":[100],"multi-agent,":[103],"deep":[104,149],"actor-critic":[105],"address":[108],"observability":[110],"perceived":[113],"non-stationarity":[114],"from":[118],"agent's":[120],"viewpoint.":[121],"This":[122],"learns":[124],"critic":[127],"coordinates":[129],"training":[130],"agents.":[133],"Our":[134],"approach":[135],"thus":[136],"uses":[137],"learning":[139,151],"but":[140],"execution.":[142],"Simulation":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"our":[147],"online":[148],"reinforcement":[150],"method":[152],"can":[153],"reduce":[154],"both":[155],"peak-to-average":[157],"ratio":[158],"total":[160],"consumed":[162],"electricity":[167],"for":[168],"all":[169],"households":[170],"based":[171],"purely":[172],"on":[173],"instantaneous":[174],"observations":[175],"signal.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
