{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990842415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909818","title":"Modeling Supply Chain Attacks in IEC 61850 Substations","display_name":"Modeling Supply Chain Attacks in IEC 61850 Substations","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990842415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909818","mag":"2990842415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909818","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061912757","display_name":"Onur Duman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-8981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148195","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dwckp88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onur Duman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Concordia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Concordia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052464384","display_name":"Mohsen Ghafouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-5734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148195","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dwckp88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Ghafouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Concordia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Concordia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075761726","display_name":"Marthe Kassouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marthe Kassouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec\u2019s Research Institute (IREQ) Montreal, Quebec, Canada","Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec's Research Institute (IREQ) Montreal, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec\u2019s Research Institute (IREQ) Montreal, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec's Research Institute (IREQ) Montreal, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057593270","display_name":"Ribal Atallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148195","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dwckp88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ribal Atallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Concordia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Concordia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730397","display_name":"Lingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148195","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dwckp88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Concordia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Concordia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028605138","display_name":"Mourad Debbabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148195","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dwckp88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourad Debbabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Concordia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Concordia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148195"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0117,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.777294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iec-61850","display_name":"IEC 61850","score":0.7483521103858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7348346710205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.7114540338516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.705886960029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6874582767486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.4283088445663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17719325423240662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.14124366641044617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.11999869346618652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.7483521103858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7348346710205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.7114540338516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.705886960029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6874582767486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.4283088445663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17719325423240662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.14124366641044617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.11999869346618652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3756855","display_name":"Accretion (finance)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183915046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1316152","display_name":"Charged black hole","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115304011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72755","display_name":"Schwarzschild radius","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909818","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526538707","https://openalex.org/W1971070850","https://openalex.org/W1973308398","https://openalex.org/W2002619227","https://openalex.org/W2009498872","https://openalex.org/W2022578767","https://openalex.org/W2098536553","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2157078218","https://openalex.org/W2336157635","https://openalex.org/W2343112621","https://openalex.org/W2530289920","https://openalex.org/W2564348914","https://openalex.org/W2741887078","https://openalex.org/W2796791937","https://openalex.org/W2798628810","https://openalex.org/W2904736760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2367739416","https://openalex.org/W3048799479","https://openalex.org/W3006507989","https://openalex.org/W2779961139","https://openalex.org/W4220912467","https://openalex.org/W4240241597","https://openalex.org/W2763500028","https://openalex.org/W4240288358","https://openalex.org/W2363554702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supply":[0],"chain":[1,121,139,149,177],"attacks,":[2],"which":[3],"exploit":[4],"vulnerabilities":[5,35],"deliberately":[6],"injected":[7],"into":[8],"devices":[9,64,96],"either":[10],"before":[11],"their":[12],"shipment":[13],"or":[14,57,88,101],"through":[15,94,151,179],"subsequent":[16],"firmware":[17],"updates,":[18],"represent":[19],"one":[20],"of":[21,33,116,119,137,146,175],"the":[22,46,55,79,98,109,117,131,153,172],"most":[23],"insidious":[24],"security":[25,160],"threats":[26],"in":[27,74,123],"smart":[28],"grids.":[29],"The":[30],"deliberate":[31],"nature":[32],"such":[34,167],"means":[36],"that":[37],"they":[38,71],"can":[39,72],"be":[40,49],"more":[41,75],"difficult":[42],"to":[43,51,58,63,169],"mitigate,":[44],"e.g.,":[45,78],"attack":[47,80,154],"could":[48,81],"designed":[50],"autonomously":[52],"launch":[53],"from":[54,97],"inside":[56],"cause":[59,89],"invisible":[60],"physical":[61],"damages":[62],"over":[65],"a":[66,90,113,159],"long":[67],"time":[68],"span.":[69],"Furthermore,":[70],"result":[73],"severe":[76],"consequences,":[77],"leak":[82],"sensitive":[83],"information":[84],"like":[85],"crypto":[86],"keys,":[87],"large":[91],"scale":[92],"blackout":[93],"coordinated":[95],"same":[99],"malicious":[100],"hijacked":[102],"vendor.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,128,165],"take":[108],"first":[110,129],"step":[111],"towards":[112],"better":[114],"understanding":[115],"threat":[118],"supply":[120,138,148,176],"attacks":[122,150,178],"IEC":[124],"61850":[125],"substations.":[126],"Specifically,":[127],"discuss":[130],"general":[132],"concept":[133],"and":[134,157],"unique":[135],"aspects":[136],"attacks.":[140],"We":[141],"then":[142],"present":[143],"concrete":[144],"models":[145,168],"different":[147],"extending":[152],"graph":[155],"model":[156],"designing":[158],"metric,":[161],"namely":[162],"k-Supply.":[163],"Lastly,":[164],"apply":[166],"quantitatively":[170],"study":[171],"potential":[173],"impact":[174],"simulations.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}