{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990100736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909779","title":"Machine Learning Based Physical-Layer Intrusion Detection and Location for the Smart Grid","display_name":"Machine Learning Based Physical-Layer Intrusion Detection and Location for the Smart Grid","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990100736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909779","mag":"2990100736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064735364","display_name":"Gautham Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9901-5098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gautham Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015064497","display_name":"Yinjia Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9685-7476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinjia Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052549336","display_name":"Lutz Lampe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-1978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutz Lampe","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035919267","display_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064735364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93910706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8409619331359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7170451283454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6246209144592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.500014066696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.49468371272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4743160903453827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.45354098081588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4489190876483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.43242475390434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36043649911880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32463255524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22294306755065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.18930846452713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09966787695884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08895042538642883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8409619331359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7170451283454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6246209144592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.500014066696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.49468371272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4743160903453827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.45354098081588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4489190876483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.43242475390434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36043649911880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32463255524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22294306755065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.18930846452713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09966787695884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08895042538642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1575111222","https://openalex.org/W1606730456","https://openalex.org/W1894623711","https://openalex.org/W1966124282","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1974035768","https://openalex.org/W1999384767","https://openalex.org/W2009204314","https://openalex.org/W2014381275","https://openalex.org/W2021042716","https://openalex.org/W2022956935","https://openalex.org/W2035172813","https://openalex.org/W2042420160","https://openalex.org/W2101609731","https://openalex.org/W2108558074","https://openalex.org/W2119531181","https://openalex.org/W2122655624","https://openalex.org/W2153971927","https://openalex.org/W2154663898","https://openalex.org/W2212529815","https://openalex.org/W2346458564","https://openalex.org/W2405008149","https://openalex.org/W2461905345","https://openalex.org/W2492457451","https://openalex.org/W2530565048","https://openalex.org/W2663297862","https://openalex.org/W2743967296","https://openalex.org/W2780385833","https://openalex.org/W2801594704","https://openalex.org/W2803504574","https://openalex.org/W2879905339","https://openalex.org/W2885912413","https://openalex.org/W2911981000","https://openalex.org/W2938954758","https://openalex.org/W2940115145","https://openalex.org/W2940189606","https://openalex.org/W2963852371","https://openalex.org/W3184977117","https://openalex.org/W4206399587","https://openalex.org/W4308914047","https://openalex.org/W6630177651","https://openalex.org/W6634427223","https://openalex.org/W6650456257","https://openalex.org/W6799529252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994999158","https://openalex.org/W1917092277","https://openalex.org/W2945523224","https://openalex.org/W4313639042","https://openalex.org/W2444418218","https://openalex.org/W4241709719","https://openalex.org/W2727597159","https://openalex.org/W2514934301","https://openalex.org/W2111773294","https://openalex.org/W1488909492"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security":[0],"and":[1,22,65,80,123,126,160],"privacy":[2],"of":[3,13,39,169],"smart":[4,113],"grid":[5,114,143],"communication":[6,145],"data":[7,115],"is":[8],"crucial":[9],"given":[10],"the":[11,14,20,23,36,40,93,132,142],"nature":[12],"continuous":[15],"bidirectional":[16],"information":[17],"exchange":[18],"between":[19],"consumer":[21],"utilities.":[24],"Data":[25],"security":[26,49],"has":[27,45],"conventionally":[28],"been":[29,46],"ensured":[30],"using":[31,54],"cryptographic":[32],"techniques":[33,109],"implemented":[34],"at":[35],"upper":[37,66],"layers":[38],"network":[41,133],"stack.":[42],"However,":[43],"it":[44],"shown":[47],"that":[48,77,150],"can":[50,78,97],"be":[51,99],"further":[52],"enhanced":[53],"physical":[55],"layer":[56,67],"(PHY)":[57],"methods.":[58],"To":[59],"aid":[60],"and/or":[61],"complement":[62],"such":[63],"PHY":[64,75],"techniques,":[68],"in":[69,92,131,141],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"a":[74,89,102,128,166],"design":[76,153],"detect":[79],"locate":[81],"not":[82],"only":[83],"an":[84],"active":[85],"intruder":[86,130,157],"but":[87],"also":[88,161],"passive":[90],"eavesdropper":[91],"network.":[94],"Our":[95,117],"method":[96],"either":[98],"used":[100],"as":[101],"stand-alone":[103],"solution":[104,121],"or":[105],"together":[106],"with":[107,165],"existing":[108],"to":[110],"achieve":[111],"improved":[112],"security.":[116],"machine":[118],"learning":[119],"based":[120],"intelligently":[122],"automatically":[124],"detects":[125],"locates":[127],"possible":[129],"by":[134],"reusing":[135],"power":[136],"line":[137],"transmission":[138],"modems":[139],"installed":[140],"for":[144],"purposes.":[146],"Simulation":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"our":[151],"cost-efficient":[152],"provides":[154],"near":[155],"ideal":[156],"detection":[158],"rates":[159],"estimates":[162],"its":[163],"location":[164],"high":[167],"degree":[168],"accuracy.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-16T23:16:36.188383","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}