{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990424213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909764","title":"Two-Timescale Voltage Regulation in Distribution Grids Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Two-Timescale Voltage Regulation in Distribution Grids Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990424213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909764","mag":"2990424213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015683686","display_name":"Qiuling Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7789-6552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiuling Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367403","display_name":"Gang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7266-2412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110242","display_name":"Digital Science (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020h4b682","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I4210112888","https://openalex.org/I4210118830"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Dept. and Digital Tech. Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Dept. and Digital Tech. Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101510493","display_name":"Alireza Sadeghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1280-7592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110242","display_name":"Digital Science (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020h4b682","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I4210112888","https://openalex.org/I4210118830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Sadeghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Dept. and Digital Tech. Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Dept. and Digital Tech. Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026758314","display_name":"Georgios B. Giannakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0196-0260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110242","display_name":"Digital Science (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020h4b682","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I4210112888","https://openalex.org/I4210118830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios B. Giannakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Dept. and Digital Tech. Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Dept. and Digital Tech. Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701131","display_name":"Jian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-3129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015683686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66272661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7504268288612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5796890258789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5074869990348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4522843062877655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39810842275619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.263802170753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18002739548683167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7504268288612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5796890258789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5074869990348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4522843062877655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39810842275619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.263802170753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18002739548683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2019.8909764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541786028","https://openalex.org/W1835720201","https://openalex.org/W1978282571","https://openalex.org/W2002506366","https://openalex.org/W2039523638","https://openalex.org/W2055593572","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2136196898","https://openalex.org/W2142441939","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2145761514","https://openalex.org/W2282185455","https://openalex.org/W2782507332","https://openalex.org/W2885208219","https://openalex.org/W2910680504","https://openalex.org/W2914811233","https://openalex.org/W2962848173","https://openalex.org/W2963288851","https://openalex.org/W2963510221","https://openalex.org/W2969218621","https://openalex.org/W3145585884","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4241079583","https://openalex.org/W4296139939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequent":[0],"and":[1,16,36,55],"sizeable":[2],"voltage":[3,34,93],"fluctuations":[4],"become":[5],"more":[6,40],"pronounced":[7],"with":[8,47,102],"the":[9,61,71,127,157,161],"increasing":[10],"penetration":[11],"of":[12,65,75,80,83,126,160],"distributed":[13,49],"renewable":[14],"generation,":[15],"they":[17],"considerably":[18],"challenge":[19],"distribution":[20,135,154],"grids.":[21],"Voltage":[22],"regulation":[23,94],"schemes":[24],"so":[25],"far":[26],"have":[27],"relied":[28],"on":[29,110,138],"either":[30],"utility-owned":[31],"devices":[32],"(e.g.,":[33,52,114,142],"transformers,":[35],"shunt":[37],"capacitors),":[38],"or":[39,146],"recently,":[41],"smart":[42],"power":[43,128],"inverters":[44,129],"that":[45],"come":[46],"contemporary":[48],"generation":[50],"units":[51],"photovoltaic":[53],"systems,":[54],"wind":[56],"turbines).":[57],"Nonetheless,":[58],"due":[59],"to":[60],"distinct":[62],"response":[63],"times":[64],"those":[66],"devices,":[67],"as":[68,70],"well":[69],"discrete":[72],"on-off":[73],"commitment":[74],"capacitor":[76],"units,":[77],"joint":[78],"control":[79],"both":[81],"types":[82],"assets":[84],"is":[85,96],"challenging.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88],"context,":[89],"a":[90,111,118,133,139,151],"novel":[91,162],"two-timescale":[92],"scheme":[95],"developed":[97],"here":[98],"by":[99],"coupling":[100],"optimization":[101],"reinforcement":[103,120],"learning":[104,121],"advances.":[105],"Shunt":[106],"capacitors":[107],"are":[108,130],"configured":[109],"slow":[112],"timescale":[113,141],"daily":[115],"basis)":[116],"leveraging":[117],"deep":[119],"algorithm,":[122],"while":[123],"optimal":[124],"setpoints":[125],"computed":[131],"using":[132,150],"linearized":[134],"flow":[136],"model":[137],"fast":[140],"every":[143],"few":[144],"seconds":[145],"minutes).":[147],"Numerical":[148],"experiments":[149],"real-world":[152],"47-bus":[153],"feeder":[155],"showcase":[156],"remarkable":[158],"performance":[159],"scheme.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
