{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2311800783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2015.7436411","title":"A fully unsupervised non-intrusive load monitoring framework","display_name":"A fully unsupervised non-intrusive load monitoring framework","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2311800783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2015.7436411","mag":"2311800783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2015.7436411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2015.7436411","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032275274","display_name":"Ruoxi Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruoxi Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013420855","display_name":"Yang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9328-1611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013076652","display_name":"Costas J. Spanos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costas J. Spanos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032275274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88071137,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.794590950012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6501710414886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter","display_name":"Smart meter","score":0.6384789943695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metering-mode","display_name":"Metering mode","score":0.6291626691818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5435963869094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4750630557537079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45995771884918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-profile","display_name":"Load profile","score":0.45695140957832336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4541870355606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44925129413604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.44042742252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-meter","display_name":"Electricity meter","score":0.43664786219596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.42263656854629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.41957712173461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41141659021377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36392655968666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.36166590452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.32299378514289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29909342527389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.16032445430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1366695761680603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.794590950012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6501710414886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.6384789943695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30905978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815598","display_name":"Metering mode","level":2,"score":0.6291626691818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5435963869094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4750630557537079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45995771884918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.45695140957832336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4541870355606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44925129413604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.44042742252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67172668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622756","display_name":"Electricity meter","level":3,"score":0.43664786219596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.42263656854629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.41957712173461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41141659021377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36392655968666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36166590452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.32299378514289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29909342527389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.16032445430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1366695761680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2015.7436411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm.2015.7436411","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W1138573735","https://openalex.org/W1528056001","https://openalex.org/W1529851927","https://openalex.org/W1994682479","https://openalex.org/W2011376369","https://openalex.org/W2013000896","https://openalex.org/W2032100925","https://openalex.org/W2033513455","https://openalex.org/W2033828936","https://openalex.org/W2038060438","https://openalex.org/W2076554191","https://openalex.org/W2091455711","https://openalex.org/W2128002512","https://openalex.org/W2142635246","https://openalex.org/W2158196600","https://openalex.org/W2161708246","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2255051834","https://openalex.org/W2921430350","https://openalex.org/W2921676705","https://openalex.org/W2964330744","https://openalex.org/W3021601205","https://openalex.org/W6606938059","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6631841336","https://openalex.org/W6649097486","https://openalex.org/W7038517902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312869071","https://openalex.org/W2028978355","https://openalex.org/W1990698919","https://openalex.org/W2077996342","https://openalex.org/W2561882072","https://openalex.org/W2499925746","https://openalex.org/W1136749283","https://openalex.org/W4310881972","https://openalex.org/W1981973816","https://openalex.org/W1567173971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"an":[1,30,115],"individual":[2,56],"electrical":[3],"load's":[4],"energy":[5,22],"usage":[6],"is":[7],"of":[8,67,123],"great":[9],"significance":[10],"in":[11,80,99,181],"energy-efficient":[12],"buildings":[13],"as":[14,58,60],"it":[15],"underlies":[16],"the":[17,61,65,71,107,121,129,145,170],"sophisticated":[18],"load":[19,26,157],"control":[20],"and":[21,127,156,169,185],"optimization":[23],"strategies.":[24],"Non-intrusive":[25],"monitoring":[27],"(NILM)":[28],"provides":[29],"economical":[31],"tool":[32],"to":[33,51,70,78,119,142,178],"access":[34],"per-load":[35,101],"power":[36,102,130],"consumption":[37],"without":[38],"deploying":[39],"fine-grained,":[40],"large-scale":[41],"smart":[42],"meters.":[43],"However,":[44],"existing":[45],"NILM":[46,90],"approaches":[47],"require":[48],"training":[49],"data":[50,126],"be":[52],"collected":[53],"by":[54,163],"sub-metering":[55],"appliances":[57,68,124],"well":[59],"prior":[62,179],"knowledge":[63],"about":[64],"number":[66,122,154],"attached":[69],"meter,":[72],"which":[73,100],"are":[74,104],"expensive":[75],"or":[76],"unlikely":[77],"obtain":[79],"practice.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86,135],"a":[87,136],"fully":[88],"unsupervised":[89],"framework":[91,162,175],"based":[92],"on":[93],"Non-parametric":[94],"Factorial":[95],"Hidden":[96],"Markov":[97],"Models,":[98],"consumptions":[103],"disaggregated":[105],"from":[106,125],"composite":[108],"signal":[109,131],"with":[110],"minimum":[111],"prerequisite.":[112],"We":[113,133,159],"develop":[114],"efficient":[116],"inference":[117],"algorithm":[118],"detect":[120],"disaggregate":[128],"simultaneously.":[132],"also":[134],"criterion,":[137],"Generalized":[138],"State":[139],"Prediction":[140],"Accuracy,":[141],"properly":[143],"evaluate":[144,160],"overall":[146],"performance":[147],"for":[148],"methods":[149],"targeting":[150],"at":[151],"both":[152,182],"appliance":[153],"detection":[155],"disaggregation.":[158],"our":[161,174],"comparing":[164],"against":[165],"other":[166],"multi-tasking":[167],"schemes,":[168],"results":[171],"show":[172],"that":[173],"compares":[176],"favorably":[177],"work":[180],"disaggregation":[183],"accuracy":[184],"computational":[186],"overhead.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
