{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385411979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smacd58065.2023.10192126","title":"The True Cost of Errors in Emerging Memory Devices: A Worst-Case Analysis of Device Errors in IMC for Safety-Critical Applications","display_name":"The True Cost of Errors in Emerging Memory Devices: A Worst-Case Analysis of Device Errors in IMC for Safety-Critical Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385411979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smacd58065.2023.10192126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smacd58065.2023.10192126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smacd58065.2023.10192126","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 19th International Conference on Synthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066721881","display_name":"Alptekin Vardar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0629-0325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alptekin Vardar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425414","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6028-5544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"TU Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Dresden,Germany","TU Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029910577","display_name":"Saiyam Bherulal Jain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"TU Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saiyam Bherulal Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Dresden,Germany","TU Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031762036","display_name":"Shaown Mojumder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaown Mojumder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081186426","display_name":"Nellie Laleni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-9989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nellie Laleni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064120844","display_name":"Sourav De","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1930-8799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourav De","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079324627","display_name":"Thomas K\u00e4mpfe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-8676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas K\u00e4mpfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPMS, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066721881"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5355,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64580952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.8119219541549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7812217473983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6375269889831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5795500874519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5101833343505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.4840759336948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4314896762371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2487836480140686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.8119219541549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7812217473983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6375269889831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5795500874519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5101833343505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.4840759336948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4314896762371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2487836480140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smacd58065.2023.10192126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smacd58065.2023.10192126","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 19th International Conference on Synthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/507130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/507130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977285867","https://openalex.org/W1998385236","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2981860227","https://openalex.org/W3000458940","https://openalex.org/W3033231939","https://openalex.org/W3035945385","https://openalex.org/W3045216746","https://openalex.org/W3083505238","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3198683487","https://openalex.org/W4226238110","https://openalex.org/W4289823056","https://openalex.org/W6779625954","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W2357796999","https://openalex.org/W2045526782","https://openalex.org/W2741131631","https://openalex.org/W1986418932","https://openalex.org/W2156919374","https://openalex.org/W2979160909","https://openalex.org/W2114837856","https://openalex.org/W35446969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-memory":[0],"computing":[1],"devices":[2],"are":[3],"prone":[4],"to":[5,24,116,128],"errors":[6,89,133],"that":[7,96,110,136],"can":[8,138],"significantly":[9],"affect":[10],"the":[11,26,55,58,85,104,121,130,140],"accuracy":[12,19,59,108,142],"of":[13,28,54,60,88,123,132,143],"neural":[14,62,70,144],"network":[15,71],"inference.":[16],"While":[17],"average":[18,107],"loss":[20],"is":[21,43,99,113],"often":[22],"used":[23],"evaluate":[25],"impact":[27,87,105],"such":[29],"errors,":[30],"this":[31,46],"metric":[32],"may":[33],"not":[34],"be":[35],"reliable":[36],"for":[37],"safety-critical":[38],"systems":[39],"where":[40],"worst-case":[41,86,97,141],"performance":[42],"crucial.":[44],"In":[45],"work,":[47],"we":[48],"present":[49],"a":[50],"comprehensive":[51],"statistical":[52],"analysis":[53],"variability":[56],"in":[57],"quantized":[61],"networks.":[63,145],"We":[64,118],"conduct":[65],"experiments":[66],"on":[67,90,106],"two":[68],"well-known":[69],"architectures,":[72],"LeNet-5":[73],"and":[74,79,83,109,134],"ResNet20,":[75],"using":[76],"both":[77],"4-bit":[78],"8-":[80],"bit":[81],"quantization,":[82],"measure":[84],"model":[91],"accuracy.":[92],"Our":[93],"results":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"variation":[98],"much":[100],"more":[101,114],"significant":[102],"than":[103],"8-bit":[111],"quantization":[112],"susceptible":[115],"errors.":[117],"also":[119],"investigate":[120],"potential":[122],"intra-layer":[124],"mixed":[125],"error":[126],"injection":[127],"mitigate":[129],"effects":[131],"show":[135],"it":[137],"improve":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
