{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367838509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sm57895.2023.10112569","title":"Optimal Placement of Drone Delivery Stations and Demand Allocation using Bio-inspired Algorithms","display_name":"Optimal Placement of Drone Delivery Stations and Demand Allocation using Bio-inspired Algorithms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367838509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sm57895.2023.10112569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sm57895.2023.10112569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sm57895.2023.10112569","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Smart Mobility (SM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009381470","display_name":"Feras Elsaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4763-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feras Elsaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Civil and Mineral Engineering","Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Civil and Mineral Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014972684","display_name":"Enrique Torres Sanchez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Torres Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Electrical and Computer Engineering","Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044974178","display_name":"Yilun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0750-2228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Electrical and Computer Engineering","Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032036732","display_name":"Alaa Khamis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-835X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867584213","display_name":"General Motors (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vd6qx78","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607","https://openalex.org/I867584213"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Khamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Technical Centre, General Motors Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Technical Centre, General Motors Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867584213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009381470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93728386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"39","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.9141504764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6944973468780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"Simulated annealing","score":0.6666408777236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/last-mile","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","score":0.6396989226341248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5838256478309631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delivery-performance","display_name":"Delivery Performance","score":0.4770978093147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.46492934226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.45857909321784973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.42203933000564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","score":0.42100265622138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4184425473213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.38654160499572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3837292790412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.37669187784194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3213069438934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mile","display_name":"Mile","score":0.21721571683883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19858533143997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.17568689584732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1064741313457489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.10089462995529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.09023424983024597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.9141504764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6944973468780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.6666408777236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45440154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6494801","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","level":3,"score":0.6396989226341248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5838256478309631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777386808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254078","display_name":"Delivery Performance","level":2,"score":0.4770978093147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.46492934226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.45857909321784973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.42203933000564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.42100265622138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4184425473213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.38654160499572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3837292790412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.37669187784194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3213069438934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.21721571683883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19858533143997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.17568689584732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1064741313457489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.10089462995529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.09023424983024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sm57895.2023.10112569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sm57895.2023.10112569","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Smart Mobility (SM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207083251","https://openalex.org/W1977319619","https://openalex.org/W2568302599","https://openalex.org/W2892219662","https://openalex.org/W2894758515","https://openalex.org/W2907376023","https://openalex.org/W2910104550","https://openalex.org/W2928814937","https://openalex.org/W2952533481","https://openalex.org/W2999645702","https://openalex.org/W3084064394","https://openalex.org/W4214552922","https://openalex.org/W4225078806","https://openalex.org/W4293499165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3119129187","https://openalex.org/W4389398328","https://openalex.org/W2050150941","https://openalex.org/W2084924967","https://openalex.org/W4360895579","https://openalex.org/W4386114827","https://openalex.org/W2794536514","https://openalex.org/W4390284466","https://openalex.org/W4313393880","https://openalex.org/W3099902920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,88,95,119,147],"last-mile":[1],"delivery":[2,17,20,30,37,82,114],"problem":[3,102],"has":[4,22],"recently":[5],"received":[6],"more":[7],"attention":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,41,52,116],"dramatic":[11],"increase":[12],"in":[13,24,159,176],"e-commerce":[14],"and":[15,56,71,162,179],"one-day":[16],"options.":[18],"One":[19],"method":[21],"been":[23],"the":[25,43,63,78,99,106,111,129,134,143,151,168],"forefront":[26],"of":[27,45,73,80,92,103,113,174],"last":[28],"mile":[29],"research:":[31],"drone":[32,54,67,81],"delivery.":[33],"Particularly,":[34],"hybrid":[35],"truck-drone":[36],"systems":[38],"which":[39],"attempt":[40],"overcome":[42],"limitations":[44],"only":[46],"using":[47,84],"drones.":[48],"Researchers":[49],"have":[50,61],"attempted":[51],"improve":[53],"routing":[55],"scheduling,":[57],"but":[58],"not":[59],"many":[60],"studied":[62],"required":[64],"infrastructure,":[65],"including":[66],"stations":[68,83],"for":[69,128,142],"recharging":[70],"pick-up":[72],"packages.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"tackles":[77,98],"placement":[79],"bio-inspired":[85],"optimization":[86],"algorithms.":[87],"solution":[89],"framework":[90],"consists":[91],"two":[93],"stages.":[94],"first":[96],"stage":[97,108],"location":[100,130],"planning":[101,131],"stations,":[104],"while":[105,133],"second":[107],"deals":[109],"with":[110],"allocation":[112,145],"demand":[115,144],"located":[117],"stations.":[118],"conventional":[120],"k-means":[121],"algorithm":[122,136,154,170],"is":[123,137],"used":[124,138],"as":[125,139],"a":[126,140,156,172],"baseline":[127,141],"problem,":[132],"greedy":[135],"problem.":[146],"results":[148],"shows":[149],"that":[150],"simulated":[152],"annealing":[153],"achieves":[155,171],"14%":[157],"reduction":[158,173],"total":[160,177],"cost":[161,178],"6.2\u00d7":[163],"run":[164,181],"time":[165,182],"improvement,":[166],"whereas":[167],"genetic":[169],"10%":[175],"1.8\u00d7":[180],"improvement.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-18T06:02:51.519808","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
