{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912981563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2018.8639697","title":"A Prompt-Aware Neural Network Approach to Content-Based Scoring of Non-Native Spontaneous Speech","display_name":"A Prompt-Aware Neural Network Approach to Content-Based Scoring of Non-Native Spontaneous Speech","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912981563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2018.8639697","mag":"2912981563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/slt.2018.8639697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2018.8639697","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342006","display_name":"Yao Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yao Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service R&D, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service R&D, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030738204","display_name":"Rutuja Ubale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rutuja Ubale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service R&D, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service R&D, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108692434","display_name":"Matthew Mulholland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Mulholland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service R&D, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service R&D, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030816616","display_name":"Keelan Evanini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-3376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keelan Evanini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service R&D, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service R&D, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100772594","display_name":"Xinhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-7543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service R&D, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service R&D, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100342006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88992534,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"979","last_page":"986"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7477015852928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.7178764343261719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.6965811252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5974172949790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5475307106971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.53645920753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5051923394203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.5037490725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.48555490374565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4755520522594452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45173510909080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4217590391635895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34281986951828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3254941701889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.2575538754463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09940236806869507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7477015852928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.7178764343261719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.6965811252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5974172949790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5475307106971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.53645920753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5051923394203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.5037490725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.48555490374565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4755520522594452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45173510909080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4217590391635895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34281986951828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3254941701889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2575538754463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09940236806869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/slt.2018.8639697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2018.8639697","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66698146","https://openalex.org/W1485919316","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1979364015","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2116983617","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2160306971","https://openalex.org/W2161988551","https://openalex.org/W2164810574","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2201092681","https://openalex.org/W2250705520","https://openalex.org/W2250817048","https://openalex.org/W2250874787","https://openalex.org/W2398423749","https://openalex.org/W2404292492","https://openalex.org/W2440757793","https://openalex.org/W2508865106","https://openalex.org/W2510063686","https://openalex.org/W2513821450","https://openalex.org/W2525676941","https://openalex.org/W2564237127","https://openalex.org/W2567547739","https://openalex.org/W2745912937","https://openalex.org/W2757310600","https://openalex.org/W2757832789","https://openalex.org/W2760368719","https://openalex.org/W2803039862","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3098654368","https://openalex.org/W4254816979","https://openalex.org/W6602692065","https://openalex.org/W6629169626","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6683499027","https://openalex.org/W6687630728","https://openalex.org/W6691638824","https://openalex.org/W6691654054","https://openalex.org/W6712825807","https://openalex.org/W6713348119","https://openalex.org/W6725015247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987813225","https://openalex.org/W4390610055","https://openalex.org/W4379053243","https://openalex.org/W3021020626","https://openalex.org/W2955201676","https://openalex.org/W2153005530","https://openalex.org/W3199392376","https://openalex.org/W4321385307","https://openalex.org/W2330342969","https://openalex.org/W4387022695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,15,53,56,63,87,96],"neural":[3],"network":[4],"approach":[5,78],"to":[6,32,135],"the":[7,34,39,66,69,83,118,121,144],"automated":[8],"assessment":[9],"of":[10,65,68,86,98],"non-native":[11],"spontaneous":[12],"speech":[13],"in":[14,55,132,143],"listen":[16],"and":[17,42,59,124,127],"speak":[18],"task.":[19],"An":[20],"attention-based":[21],"Long":[22],"Short-Term":[23],"Memory":[24],"(LSTM)":[25],"Recurrent":[26],"Neural":[27],"Network":[28],"(RNN)":[29],"is":[30,50,129],"used":[31],"learn":[33],"relations":[35],"(scoring":[36],"rubrics)":[37],"between":[38,120],"spoken":[40],"responses":[41,134,142],"their":[43],"assigned":[44],"scores.":[45],"Each":[46],"prompt":[47],"(listening":[48],"material)":[49],"encoded":[51],"as":[52,62,80,82],"vector":[54,116],"low-dimensional":[57],"space":[58],"then":[60],"employed":[61],"condition":[64],"inputs":[67],"attention":[70],"LSTM-RNN.":[71],"The":[72,114],"experimental":[73],"results":[74],"show":[75],"that":[76],"our":[77],"performs":[79],"well":[81],"strong":[84],"baseline":[85],"Support":[88],"Vector":[89],"Regressor":[90],"(SVR)":[91],"using":[92],"content-related":[93],"features,":[94],"i.e.,":[95],"correlation":[97],"r":[99],"=":[100],"0.806":[101],"with":[102],"holistic":[103],"proficiency":[104],"scores":[105],"provided":[106],"by":[107],"humans,":[108],"without":[109],"doing":[110],"any":[111],"feature":[112],"engineering.":[113],"prompt-encoded":[115],"improves":[117],"discrimination":[119],"high-scoring":[122],"sample":[123],"low-scoring":[125],"sample,":[126],"it":[128],"more":[130],"effective":[131],"grading":[133],"unseen":[136],"prompts,":[137],"which":[138],"have":[139],"no":[140],"corresponding":[141],"training":[145],"set.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}