{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997593784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2014.7078588","title":"Grammatical error correction based on learner comprehension model in oral conversation","display_name":"Grammatical error correction based on learner comprehension model in oral conversation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997593784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2014.7078588","mag":"1997593784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/slt.2014.7078588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2014.7078588","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043150565","display_name":"Kyusong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8113-4667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyusong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102256054","display_name":"Seonghan Ryu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghan Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051808590","display_name":"Paul Hongsuck Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-1101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096147","display_name":"Mongolia International University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vkfxn17","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096147"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Hongsuck Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Mongolia International University, Mongolia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Mongolia International University, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096147"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082880112","display_name":"Seokhwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-1212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seokhwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology Department Institute for Infocomm Research, Natural Language Understanding Lab, Singapore","Natural Language Understanding Lab, Human Language Technology Department Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology Department Institute for Infocomm Research, Natural Language Understanding Lab, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Understanding Lab, Human Language Technology Department Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045508648","display_name":"Gary Geunbae Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Geunbae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043150565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06995333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2008","issue":null,"first_page":"283","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.8275346159934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7897223830223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.6104580163955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6061385273933411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4640309810638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3167441785335541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2695334255695343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.8275346159934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7897223830223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6104580163955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6061385273933411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4640309810638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3167441785335541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2695334255695343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/slt.2014.7078588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2014.7078588","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/26739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/26739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W221584336","https://openalex.org/W1604880582","https://openalex.org/W1973899130","https://openalex.org/W1999611114","https://openalex.org/W2063954436","https://openalex.org/W2078629215","https://openalex.org/W2098297786","https://openalex.org/W2099430963","https://openalex.org/W2105036931","https://openalex.org/W2157963512","https://openalex.org/W2169598461","https://openalex.org/W2187903921","https://openalex.org/W2223758273","https://openalex.org/W2251219521","https://openalex.org/W2403346063","https://openalex.org/W2785906470","https://openalex.org/W2917881729","https://openalex.org/W4255985591","https://openalex.org/W6608667170","https://openalex.org/W6674541415","https://openalex.org/W6674756558","https://openalex.org/W6686790478","https://openalex.org/W6748080445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W2772323916","https://openalex.org/W1511346092","https://openalex.org/W1527532029","https://openalex.org/W2378167147","https://openalex.org/W3210777354","https://openalex.org/W2349447564","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"aim":[1],"to":[2,7,41,48,94,97],"provide":[3],"grammar":[4,13,49,104,132,160],"error":[5,14,45,105],"feedback":[6,17,69,122],"learners.":[8,95],"It":[9],"is":[10,36,46,78,86,143],"known":[11],"that":[12,88,144],"detection":[15,106],"and":[16,107,134],"are":[18],"challenging":[19],"problems":[20],"in":[21,31,81,103,147],"written":[22],"language,":[23],"however,":[24],"they":[25],"become":[26],"much":[27],"more":[28],"difficult":[29,37],"tasks":[30],"oral":[32],"conversation":[33],"because":[34,84],"it":[35,85],"for":[38,152],"a":[39,59,63,111,124],"system":[40,67,120],"judge":[42],"whether":[43],"an":[44,71],"due":[47],"or":[50],"automatic":[51],"speech":[52],"recognition":[53],"(ASR).":[54],"False":[55],"alarms":[56],"occur":[57],"when":[58,118],"learner":[60,153],"correctly":[61],"utters":[62],"remark,":[64],"but":[65],"the":[66,74,89,99,119],"gives":[68],"implying":[70],"error.":[72],"Minimizing":[73],"false":[75,100],"alarm":[76,101],"rate":[77,102],"especially":[79],"critical":[80],"education":[82],"applications":[83],"imperative":[87],"tutor":[90],"give":[91],"correct":[92],"instruction":[93],"Thus,":[96],"reduce":[98],"feedback,":[108],"we":[109],"apply":[110],"partially":[112],"observable":[113],"Markov":[114],"decision":[115],"process":[116],"(POMDP)":[117],"provides":[121],"about":[123],"learner's":[125,159],"mistake.":[126],"The":[127],"POMDP":[128,148],"models":[129,154],"uncertainty":[130],"between":[131],"errors":[133],"ASR":[135],"errors.":[136],"An":[137],"additional":[138],"advantage":[139],"of":[140],"our":[141],"method":[142],"\u201cbelief":[145],"states\u201d":[146],"can":[149],"be":[150],"used":[151],"which":[155],"indicate":[156],"each":[157],"individual":[158],"comprehension":[161],"level.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
