{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000936041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2012.6424194","title":"N-best error simulation for training spoken dialogue systems","display_name":"N-best error simulation for training spoken dialogue systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000936041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2012.6424194","mag":"2000936041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/slt.2012.6424194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2012.6424194","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109222468","display_name":"Blaise Thomson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Blaise Thomson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051889115","display_name":"Milica Ga\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-9147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milica Gasic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045402928","display_name":"Matthew Henderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027494724","display_name":"Pirros Tsiakoulis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pirros Tsiakoulis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109097977","display_name":"Steve Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109222468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91545179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"37","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8346547484397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.6070709228515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5774527788162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5613517165184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5012955665588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dirichlet-distribution","display_name":"Dirichlet distribution","score":0.4992072582244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46471843123435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40151476860046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07504481077194214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8346547484397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6070709228515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5774527788162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5613517165184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5012955665588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169214877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981016","display_name":"Dirichlet distribution","level":3,"score":0.4992072582244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46471843123435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40151476860046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07504481077194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/slt.2012.6424194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/slt.2012.6424194","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.298.5381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.298.5381","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~sjy/papers/thgt12.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:527483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.eng.cam.ac.uk/527483/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922847","display_name":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49486804","https://openalex.org/W64812154","https://openalex.org/W107189518","https://openalex.org/W190008395","https://openalex.org/W1576787462","https://openalex.org/W1978616112","https://openalex.org/W1987725259","https://openalex.org/W2037897789","https://openalex.org/W2110705209","https://openalex.org/W2115101920","https://openalex.org/W2116154161","https://openalex.org/W2119015791","https://openalex.org/W2126810476","https://openalex.org/W2132997613","https://openalex.org/W2134466368","https://openalex.org/W2139504955","https://openalex.org/W2181470043","https://openalex.org/W2438667436","https://openalex.org/W3141973436","https://openalex.org/W6604360627","https://openalex.org/W6659853119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"recent":[1],"trend":[2],"in":[3,17,114,147],"spoken":[4],"dialogue":[5,15,40,168],"research":[6],"is":[7,55,152],"the":[8,26,90,102,109,120,126,133,142,163],"use":[9],"of":[10,28,50,66,92,95,125,144,166],"reinforcement":[11],"learning":[12],"to":[13,57,60,119,141,161],"train":[14],"systems":[16,44],"a":[18,35,62,71,85,115],"simulated":[19,32,39],"environment.":[20],"Past":[21],"researchers":[22],"have":[23,34],"shown":[24],"that":[25,30,108,132,138,153],"types":[27],"errors":[29,77],"are":[31,139],"can":[33],"significant":[36],"effect":[37],"on":[38,79,101],"performance.":[41],"Since":[42],"modern":[43],"typically":[45],"receive":[46],"an":[47],"N-best":[48,64,93],"list":[49,65],"possible":[51],"user":[52],"utterances,":[53],"it":[54],"important":[56],"be":[58,159],"able":[59,160],"simulate":[61],"full":[63],"hypotheses.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"presents":[70],"new":[72,86,110,155],"method":[73,87],"for":[74,88],"simulating":[75,89],"such":[76],"based":[78,100],"logistic":[80,134],"regression,":[81],"as":[82,84],"well":[83],"structure":[91],"lists":[94],"semantics":[96],"and":[97],"their":[98],"probabilities,":[99],"Dirichlet":[103,111],"distribution.":[104],"Off-line":[105],"evaluations":[106],"show":[107,131],"model":[112,135],"results":[113],"much":[116],"closer":[117,140],"match":[118],"receiver":[121],"operating":[122],"characteristics":[123],"(ROC)":[124],"live":[127,148],"data.":[128],"Experiments":[129],"also":[130],"gives":[136],"confusions":[137,145],"type":[143],"observed":[146],"situations.":[149],"The":[150],"hope":[151],"these":[154],"error":[156],"models":[157],"will":[158],"improve":[162],"resulting":[164],"performance":[165],"trained":[167],"systems.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
