{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391148630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/skima59232.2023.10387332","title":"Facial Beauty Analysis Using Distribution Prediction and CNN Ensembles","display_name":"Facial Beauty Analysis Using Distribution Prediction and CNN Ensembles","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391148630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/skima59232.2023.10387332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/skima59232.2023.10387332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/skima59232.2023.10387332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 15th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102608285","display_name":"Ahmed Aman Ibrahim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Aman Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bradford,Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems,Bradford,United Kingdom","Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bradford,Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems,Bradford,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093772635","display_name":"Noah Hassan Ugail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Hassan Ugail","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bath,Department of Mathematical Sciences,Bath,United Kingdom","Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bath,Department of Mathematical Sciences,Bath,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093772636","display_name":"Tazkia Hoodh Jayatileke","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tazkia Hoodh Jayatileke","raw_affiliation_strings":["theCircle by Ugail Foundation, Ugail Foundation,Male&#x2019;,Maldives"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"theCircle by Ugail Foundation, Ugail Foundation,Male&#x2019;,Maldives","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093772637","display_name":"Millie Hope Saffery","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Millie Hope Saffery","raw_affiliation_strings":["theCircle by Ugail Foundation, Ugail Foundation,Male&#x2019;,Maldives"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"theCircle by Ugail Foundation, Ugail Foundation,Male&#x2019;,Maldives","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083781406","display_name":"Hassan Ugail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Ugail","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bradford,Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems,Bradford,United Kingdom","Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bradford,Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems,Bradford,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102608285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45992339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"abs/1803.07253","issue":null,"first_page":"130","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7753281593322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7485901713371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7154583930969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6141318678855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5958892107009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5516147613525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5443862676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pearson-product-moment-correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","score":0.5394104719161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beauty","display_name":"Beauty","score":0.4913405478000641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.462327241897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4442600607872009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4418134093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4405936002731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.42189884185791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.250222384929657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2430092692375183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7753281593322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7485901713371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7154583930969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6141318678855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5958892107009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5516147613525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5443862676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5394104719161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780620123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242","display_name":"Beauty","level":2,"score":0.4913405478000641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.462327241897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4442600607872009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4418134093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4405936002731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.42189884185791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.250222384929657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2430092692375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/skima59232.2023.10387332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/skima59232.2023.10387332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 15th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1974387747","https://openalex.org/W1988047116","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2151541811","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2231999017","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2553576544","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2754213847","https://openalex.org/W2792378260","https://openalex.org/W2962769166","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2964118336","https://openalex.org/W3103635814","https://openalex.org/W3140422435","https://openalex.org/W3194876844","https://openalex.org/W3204317061","https://openalex.org/W4293168449","https://openalex.org/W4327846218","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6729809565","https://openalex.org/W6743731764","https://openalex.org/W6745206590","https://openalex.org/W6749526888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247388746","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W3178576217","https://openalex.org/W4221063543","https://openalex.org/W4285794683","https://openalex.org/W4385195237","https://openalex.org/W4286256617","https://openalex.org/W4362673848","https://openalex.org/W4385577504","https://openalex.org/W4318676890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"Beauty":[1],"Prediction":[2],"(FBP)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,14,51,94,130],"computer":[6],"vision":[7],"task":[8],"of":[9,13,34,81,96,145,155],"quantifying":[10],"the":[11,25,32,114,122,125,137,146,150,166,169],"beauty":[12,45,116],"face.":[15],"Several":[16],"solutions":[17],"to":[18,41,136],"this":[19,108],"problem":[20],"have":[21,129],"benefitted":[22],"immensely":[23],"from":[24,66],"recent":[26],"developments":[27],"in":[28,153],"deep":[29,56],"learning.":[30],"However,":[31],"majority":[33],"current":[35],"methods":[36],"train":[37],"machine":[38],"learning":[39,57,65],"models":[40,67,86],"purely":[42],"predict":[43,113],"mean":[44,127,156,160,172],"scores,":[46],"treating":[47],"FBP":[48,59],"solely":[49],"as":[50,74,100],"regression":[52],"task.":[53],"In":[54],"addition,":[55],"based":[58,105],"approaches":[60],"so":[61],"far":[62],"use":[63],"transfer":[64],"trained":[68,88],"on":[69,89,149],"general":[70],"classification":[71],"tasks":[72,92],"such":[73,99],"ImageNet.":[75],"We":[76],"propose":[77],"fine-tuning":[78],"an":[79],"ensemble":[80],"convolutional":[82],"neural":[83],"network":[84],"(CNN)":[85],"originally":[87],"face":[90],"verification":[91],"using":[93],"variety":[95],"loss":[97],"functions":[98],"Earth":[101],"Mover's":[102],"Distance":[103],"(EMD)":[104],"loss.":[106],"With":[107],"approach,":[109],"our":[110],"method":[111,142],"can":[112],"entire":[115],"score":[117],"distribution":[118],"rather":[119],"than":[120],"just":[121],"mean,":[123],"and":[124,163,168],"predicted":[126,167],"scores":[128],"higher":[131],"Pearson":[132],"Correlation":[133],"(PC)":[134],"compared":[135],"ground":[138,170],"truth":[139,171],"scores.":[140,173],"This":[141],"achieves":[143],"state":[144],"art":[147],"results":[148],"MEBeauty":[151],"dataset":[152],"terms":[154],"absolute":[157],"error,":[158],"root":[159],"squared":[161],"error":[162],"PC":[164],"between":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
