{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004990368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/skima47702.2019.8982474","title":"The Computer Nose Best","display_name":"The Computer Nose Best","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004990368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/skima47702.2019.8982474","mag":"3004990368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/skima47702.2019.8982474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/skima47702.2019.8982474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 13th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/ws/files/33956605/A.Logan_The_Computer_Nose_Best_Final_Submitted_Version_.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064284940","display_name":"Shelina Khalid Jilani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1845-4751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelina Jilani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bradford,Centre of Visual Computing,Bradford,UK","Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bradford,Centre of Visual Computing,Bradford,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083781406","display_name":"Hassan Ugail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Ugail","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bradford,Centre of Visual Computing,Bradford,UK","Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bradford,Centre of Visual Computing,Bradford,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034905065","display_name":"Andrew Logan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9140-5545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Logan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow Caledonian University,Department of Vision Sciences,Glasgow,Scotland","Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow Caledonian University,Department of Vision Sciences,Glasgow,Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2218,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62397389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11812","display_name":"Nasal Surgery and Airway Studies","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11812","display_name":"Nasal Surgery and Airway Studies","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6915451288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.676226019859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.60671466588974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5927964448928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5912333130836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.534482479095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-neural-network","display_name":"Residual neural network","score":0.5224779844284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4612378776073456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.44379013776779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.44033294916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4186228811740875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3263997435569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1862964928150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.16780662536621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13857829570770264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6915451288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.676226019859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.60671466588974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5927964448928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5912333130836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.534482479095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2944601119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43744058","display_name":"Residual neural network","level":3,"score":0.5224779844284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4612378776073456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44379013776779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.44033294916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4186228811740875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3263997435569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1862964928150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.16780662536621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13857829570770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/skima47702.2019.8982474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/skima47702.2019.8982474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 13th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:publications/6ae4803c-aa53-4dcf-a352-7b85103b71cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/6ae4803c-aa53-4dcf-a352-7b85103b71cd","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/ws/files/33956605/A.Logan_The_Computer_Nose_Best_Final_Submitted_Version_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402566","display_name":"ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","host_organization_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jilani, S, Ugail, H & Logan, A 2020, The computer nose best. in 2019 13th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA. 2019 13th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications, SKIMA 2019, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SKIMA47702.2019.8982474","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:publications/6ae4803c-aa53-4dcf-a352-7b85103b71cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/6ae4803c-aa53-4dcf-a352-7b85103b71cd","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/ws/files/33956605/A.Logan_The_Computer_Nose_Best_Final_Submitted_Version_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402566","display_name":"ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","host_organization_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jilani, S, Ugail, H & Logan, A 2020, The computer nose best. in 2019 13th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA. 2019 13th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications, SKIMA 2019, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SKIMA47702.2019.8982474","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004990368.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W1516211865","https://openalex.org/W1516591826","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1968197663","https://openalex.org/W1974413330","https://openalex.org/W2009441118","https://openalex.org/W2016053056","https://openalex.org/W2017708331","https://openalex.org/W2026401411","https://openalex.org/W2040206301","https://openalex.org/W2056079759","https://openalex.org/W2088530231","https://openalex.org/W2121765205","https://openalex.org/W2128200964","https://openalex.org/W2139776396","https://openalex.org/W2149244199","https://openalex.org/W2153759571","https://openalex.org/W2159243364","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2287029083","https://openalex.org/W2295428427","https://openalex.org/W2418069516","https://openalex.org/W2463280635","https://openalex.org/W2517157101","https://openalex.org/W2557080744","https://openalex.org/W2772711215","https://openalex.org/W2784025535","https://openalex.org/W2898614842","https://openalex.org/W2901969947","https://openalex.org/W2905236541","https://openalex.org/W2919080973","https://openalex.org/W2940131324","https://openalex.org/W2952552312","https://openalex.org/W4289106817","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6697029354","https://openalex.org/W6717018891","https://openalex.org/W6755838034","https://openalex.org/W6756303376","https://openalex.org/W6757162535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055219403","https://openalex.org/W2791313072","https://openalex.org/W3166997759","https://openalex.org/W2794489335","https://openalex.org/W2080437822","https://openalex.org/W2153027217","https://openalex.org/W186912772","https://openalex.org/W1589677080","https://openalex.org/W2770255720","https://openalex.org/W1509533962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,128],"nose":[1,159],"is":[2,11,21,160],"the":[3,8,39,48,60,69,82,134,142,146,158],"most":[4],"central":[5],"feature":[6,118],"on":[7,79,170],"face":[9],"which":[10],"known":[12,29],"to":[13,26,30,71,166],"exhibit":[14],"both":[15],"gender":[16],"and":[17,28,99,115,120],"ethnic":[18],"differences.":[19],"It":[20],"a":[22,51,121],"robust":[23],"feature,":[24],"invariant":[25],"expression":[27],"contain":[31],"depth":[32],"information.":[33],"In":[34,140],"this":[35],"paper":[36],"we":[37,65],"address":[38],"topic":[40],"of":[41,47,54,62,68,105,138,172],"binary":[42],"ethnicity":[43],"classificiation":[44],"from":[45,81,157],"images":[46],"nose,":[49],"using":[50,109],"novel":[52],"dataset":[53],"South":[55],"Asian,":[56],"Pakistani":[57],"images.":[58],"To":[59],"best":[61],"our":[63],"knowledge,":[64],"are":[66],"one":[67],"first":[70],"attempt":[72],"demographic":[73],"(ethnicity)":[74],"based":[75,77,98],"identification":[76],"solely":[78],"information":[80,156],"nose.":[83],"A":[84,103],"two-category":[85],"(Pakistani":[86],"vs":[87],"Non-Pakistani)":[88],"task":[89],"was":[90,150],"used":[91],"in":[92],"combination":[93],"with":[94],"Deep":[95],"learning":[96,164],"(ResNet)":[97],"VGG-based":[100,147],"pre-trained":[101],"models.":[102],"series":[104],"experiments":[106],"were":[107],"conducted":[108],"ResNet-50,":[110],"ResNet-101,":[111],"ResNet-152,":[112],"VGG-Face,":[113],"VGG-16":[114],"VGG-19,":[116],"for":[117,126,145,162],"extraction":[119],"Linear":[122],"Support":[123],"Vector":[124],"Machine":[125],"classification.":[127],"experimental":[129],"results":[130,153],"demonstrate":[131,154],"ResNet-50":[132],"achieves":[133],"highest":[135,143],"performance":[136],"accuracy":[137,169],"94.1%.":[139],"comparison,":[141],"score":[144],"models":[148,165],"(VGG-16)":[149],"90.8%.":[151],"These":[152],"that":[155],"sufficient":[161],"deep":[163],"achieve":[167],">90%":[168],"judgements":[171],"ethnicity.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}