{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2289406091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7129897","title":"Autofocus liquid lens by using sharpness measurement","display_name":"Autofocus liquid lens by using sharpness measurement","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2289406091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7129897","mag":"2289406091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/siu.2015.7129897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7129897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 23nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052246884","display_name":"Pejman Rasti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-0001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pejman Rasti","raw_affiliation_strings":["iCV Group, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iCV Group, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019969644","display_name":"Rudolf Kiefer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7692-6705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudolf Kiefer","raw_affiliation_strings":["iCV Group, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iCV Group, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005605270","display_name":"Gholamreza Anbarjafari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8460-5717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gholamreza Anbarjafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["iCV Group, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iCV Group, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21744409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"608","last_page":"611"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autofocus","display_name":"Autofocus","score":0.9804307222366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.7700560092926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.594490110874176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5559388995170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5379226207733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5005793571472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.47467517852783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focal-length","display_name":"Focal length","score":0.45382770895957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42778629064559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4144354462623596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11381557583808899}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103764139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210008","display_name":"Autofocus","level":3,"score":0.9804307222366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.7700560092926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.594490110874176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5559388995170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5379226207733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5005793571472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.47467517852783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82552819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193540","display_name":"Focal length","level":3,"score":0.45382770895957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42778629064559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4144354462623596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11381557583808899}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/siu.2015.7129897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7129897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 23nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W167689123","https://openalex.org/W189085582","https://openalex.org/W1657172395","https://openalex.org/W1821589692","https://openalex.org/W1974877750","https://openalex.org/W1978260491","https://openalex.org/W1980291540","https://openalex.org/W1980558083","https://openalex.org/W2001979281","https://openalex.org/W2025232514","https://openalex.org/W2039608780","https://openalex.org/W2067469524","https://openalex.org/W2069025455","https://openalex.org/W2071771405","https://openalex.org/W2134203042","https://openalex.org/W2143484511","https://openalex.org/W2148985680","https://openalex.org/W2155401647","https://openalex.org/W2164781414","https://openalex.org/W2166348190","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6606727803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293735384","https://openalex.org/W2349849942","https://openalex.org/W2362982972","https://openalex.org/W2075738584","https://openalex.org/W3094590434","https://openalex.org/W4310508253","https://openalex.org/W1968827811","https://openalex.org/W2029516870","https://openalex.org/W2026536737","https://openalex.org/W2149109886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"These":[0],"days":[1],"micro":[2,12],"lenses":[3],"are":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,54],"many":[7],"optical":[8],"devices":[9],"such":[10,49],"as":[11,50],"camera,":[13],"cell":[14],"phone":[15],"and":[16,76],"endoscopic":[17],"medical":[18],"imaging.":[19],"In":[20,64],"this":[21],"work":[22],"a":[23,28,70,77],"passive":[24],"autofocus":[25],"system":[26,61,78],"for":[27],"liquid":[29,71],"lens":[30,72,99],"with":[31,56,73],"Dielectric":[32],"Elastomer":[33],"Actuator":[34],"(DEA)":[35],"which":[36,104],"can":[37],"easily":[38],"achieve":[39],"the":[40,57,68,81,84,94,98,102,108],"function":[41],"of":[42,83,97],"auto":[43],"focus":[44,60],"without":[45],"any":[46],"active":[47,59],"component":[48],"ultrasonic":[51],"or":[52],"infrared":[53],"comparison":[55],"conventional":[58],"is":[62,86,105],"proposed.":[63],"order":[65],"to":[66,79,92,107],"implement":[67],"technique":[69],"DEA":[74],"membrane":[75],"measure":[80],"sharpness":[82],"image":[85],"used.":[87],"The":[88],"proposed":[89],"method":[90],"helps":[91],"find":[93],"best":[95],"position":[96],"by":[100],"controlling":[101],"voltage":[103],"applied":[106],"membrane.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}