{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011878867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sips47522.2019.9020592","title":"An Efficient Polynomial Multiplier Architecture for the Bootstrapping Algorithm in a Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme","display_name":"An Efficient Polynomial Multiplier Architecture for the Bootstrapping Algorithm in a Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011878867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sips47522.2019.9020592","mag":"3011878867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sips47522.2019.9020592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sips47522.2019.9020592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002861851","display_name":"Weihang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2560-1481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weihang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091209345","display_name":"Aengran Au","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aengran Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017356675","display_name":"Benjamin Aase","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Aase","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aathematical and Statistical Sciences, Alemson University, Alemson, SC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aathematical and Statistical Sciences, Alemson University, Alemson, SC","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038669801","display_name":"Shuhong Aao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhong Aao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aathematical and Statistical Sciences, Alemson University, Alemson, SC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aathematical and Statistical Sciences, Alemson University, Alemson, SC","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071172709","display_name":"Yingjie Lao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-2455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Lao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002861851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7001,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79092903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"85","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8885708451271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.7997401356697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6964393854141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5311998724937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4677700400352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.45664095878601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.45060279965400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4294590353965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38060247898101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23814785480499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08485680818557739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8885708451271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7997401356697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6964393854141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5311998724937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4677700400352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.45664095878601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.45060279965400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4294590353965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38060247898101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23814785480499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08485680818557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sips47522.2019.9020592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sips47522.2019.9020592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17575016","https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W1936753088","https://openalex.org/W1994457675","https://openalex.org/W2026935019","https://openalex.org/W2042872772","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2079219927","https://openalex.org/W2082275189","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2233194383","https://openalex.org/W2246684855","https://openalex.org/W2396301548","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2554750353","https://openalex.org/W2599084220","https://openalex.org/W2792565434","https://openalex.org/W2802574299","https://openalex.org/W2911241874","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W6712018824","https://openalex.org/W6749832706","https://openalex.org/W6753807361","https://openalex.org/W6762012821","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390373936","https://openalex.org/W2737264644","https://openalex.org/W2147708684","https://openalex.org/W2533462565","https://openalex.org/W2340393497","https://openalex.org/W2559972107","https://openalex.org/W2471310969","https://openalex.org/W2963369796","https://openalex.org/W4289362701","https://openalex.org/W2899409651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bootstrapping":[0],"algorithm,":[1],"which":[2,101],"is":[3,31,90],"the":[4,14,26,32,44,76,84,109,115,123],"intermediate":[5],"refreshing":[6],"procedure":[7],"of":[8,29,37,83,119],"a":[9,56,64,69,80,91],"processed":[10],"ciphertext,":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"performance":[15],"bottleneck":[16],"among":[17],"various":[18],"existing":[19],"Fully":[20],"Homomorphic":[21],"Encryption":[22],"(FHE)":[23],"schemes.":[24],"Specifically,":[25],"external":[27,124],"product":[28,125,138],"polynomials":[30],"most":[33],"computationally":[34],"expensive":[35],"step":[36],"bootstrapping":[38,65],"algorithms":[39],"that":[40,131],"are":[41],"based":[42],"on":[43],"Ring":[45],"Learning":[46],"With":[47],"Error":[48],"(RLWE)":[49],"problem.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"design":[55,133],"novel":[57],"and":[58,114],"scalable":[59],"polynomial":[60,120],"multiplier":[61],"architecture":[62],"for":[63],"algorithm":[66],"along":[67],"with":[68],"conflict-free":[70],"memory":[71],"management":[72],"scheme":[73],"to":[74,105],"reduce":[75],"latency,":[77],"while":[78],"achieving":[79],"full":[81],"utilization":[82],"processing":[85],"elements":[86],"(PEs).":[87],"Each":[88],"PE":[89],"modified":[92],"radix-2":[93],"butterfly":[94],"unit":[95],"from":[96],"fast":[97],"Fourier":[98],"transform":[99,112],"(FFT),":[100],"can":[102],"be":[103],"reconfigured":[104],"use":[106],"in":[107,122],"both":[108],"number":[110],"theoretic":[111],"(NTT)":[113],"basic":[116],"modular":[117],"multiplication":[118,121],"step.":[126],"The":[127],"experimental":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"our":[132],"yields":[134],"33%":[135],"less":[136],"area-time":[137],"than":[139],"prior":[140],"designs.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}