{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2808618598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/simpar.2018.8376285","title":"The sleepwalker framework: Verification and validation of autonomous vehicles by mixed reality LiDAR stimulation","display_name":"The sleepwalker framework: Verification and validation of autonomous vehicles by mixed reality LiDAR stimulation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2808618598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/simpar.2018.8376285","mag":"2808618598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/simpar.2018.8376285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/simpar.2018.8376285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots (SIMPAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087344838","display_name":"Marc Ren\u00e9 Zofka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc Rene Zofka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019557819","display_name":"Marc Essinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Essinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059540936","display_name":"Tobias Fleck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Fleck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011138285","display_name":"Ralf Kohlhaas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Kohlhaas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060028048","display_name":"J. Marius Z\u00f6llner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-7202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Marius Zollner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Cognitive Assistance Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087344838"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79034014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"151","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6915984153747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5832017660140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-reality","display_name":"Mixed reality","score":0.46561527252197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4574200212955475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.443752259016037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4360809326171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.43264782428741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41082093119621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.35556378960609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19859245419502258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6915984153747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5832017660140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.46561527252197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4574200212955475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.443752259016037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4360809326171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.43264782428741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41082093119621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.35556378960609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19859245419502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/simpar.2018.8376285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/simpar.2018.8376285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots (SIMPAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W953309141","https://openalex.org/W1898022672","https://openalex.org/W1973215488","https://openalex.org/W1977574625","https://openalex.org/W1992389068","https://openalex.org/W2068729686","https://openalex.org/W2094658656","https://openalex.org/W2101845834","https://openalex.org/W2120660345","https://openalex.org/W2151174490","https://openalex.org/W2157339759","https://openalex.org/W2162496544","https://openalex.org/W2167340365","https://openalex.org/W2219495836","https://openalex.org/W2406943276","https://openalex.org/W2510715855","https://openalex.org/W2519876701","https://openalex.org/W2603128835","https://openalex.org/W2901136733","https://openalex.org/W2962867954","https://openalex.org/W4234444884","https://openalex.org/W4295719664","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6756486208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320495410","https://openalex.org/W3205251208","https://openalex.org/W4285815440","https://openalex.org/W2902898664","https://openalex.org/W3046066817","https://openalex.org/W2906256945","https://openalex.org/W2978137076","https://openalex.org/W2952454403","https://openalex.org/W2529121615","https://openalex.org/W4361829742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Verification":[0],"and":[1,15,50,64,116,141,159],"validation":[2],"of":[3,125,149],"autonomous":[4,9,66,98,157],"mobile":[5],"systems,":[6,36],"such":[7,37],"as":[8,109],"vehicles,":[10],"is":[11,128],"indispensable,":[12],"since":[13],"conflicts":[14],"serious":[16],"incidents":[17],"are":[18,24,30,39,47],"rarely":[19],"acceptable":[20],"when":[21],"human":[22,71],"beings":[23],"involved.":[25],"Although":[26],"integrative":[27],"simulation":[28],"frameworks":[29],"commonly":[31],"applied":[32],"to":[33,69,132],"test":[34],"these":[35],"simulations":[38],"usually":[40],"too":[41],"idealistic,":[42],"while":[43],"real":[44,94],"world":[45],"tests":[46],"both,":[48],"expensive":[49],"not":[51],"reproducible.":[52],"To":[53],"overcome":[54],"this":[55],"problem,":[56],"we":[57],"present":[58],"the":[59,76,93,97,113,126,137,146],"framework":[60,74,127,151],"Sleepwalker":[61],"for":[62,112],"verifying":[63],"validating":[65],"vehicles:":[67],"Similar":[68],"a":[70,81,104,110],"sleepwalker,":[72],"our":[73,150],"stimulates":[75],"automated":[77],"driving":[78,99],"function":[79,100],"at":[80],"sensor":[82,90],"close":[83],"level":[84],"with":[85,89,161],"virtual":[86],"laserscans":[87],"mixed":[88,105],"data":[91],"from":[92],"environment.":[95],"Thus,":[96],"explicitely":[101],"builds":[102],"up":[103],"reality":[106],"environment":[107],"model":[108],"basis":[111],"subsequent":[114],"components":[115],"therefore":[117],"enables":[118],"an":[119,156],"overall":[120],"performance":[121],"assessment.":[122],"The":[123],"instantiation":[124],"adaptable":[129],"so":[130],"it":[131],"can":[133],"be":[134],"balanced":[135],"between":[136],"required":[138],"result's":[139],"plausibility":[140],"scenario":[142],"criticality.":[143],"We":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"distinguished":[147],"benefits":[148],"by":[152],"different":[153],"instantiations":[154],"stimulating":[155],"vehicle":[158],"conclude":[160],"further":[162],"research":[163],"questions.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
