{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060230335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sii.2013.6776664","title":"Feature fusion of HOG and WLD for facial expression recognition","display_name":"Feature fusion of HOG and WLD for facial expression recognition","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060230335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sii.2013.6776664","mag":"2060230335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sii.2013.6776664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sii.2013.6776664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066988252","display_name":"Xiaohua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1751-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907152","display_name":"Chao Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6977-829X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431792","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3865-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091586702","display_name":"Min Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2122-0240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnHui Province Key Lab. of Affective Comput. & Adv. Intell. Machine & Sch. of Comput. & Inf., Hefei Univ. of Technol., Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777699","display_name":"Liangfeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangfeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, China","School of Computer & Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer & Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071943346","display_name":"Fuji Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-9184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922474255","display_name":"Tokushima University","ror":"https://ror.org/044vy1d05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuji Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Japan Federation of Engineering Societies, University of Tokushima, Shinkura-cho, Tokushima, Japan","Univ. of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Japan Federation of Engineering Societies, University of Tokushima, Shinkura-cho, Tokushima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9569000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.8032711744308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7699493169784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7455756664276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6313177347183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.6235183477401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6162603497505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5617867708206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.5572357177734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.540527880191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4711790382862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.44477978348731995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.43478211760520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41992390155792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2983136773109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.2334890067577362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8032711744308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7699493169784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7455756664276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6313177347183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.6235183477401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6162603497505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5617867708206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.5572357177734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.540527880191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4711790382862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.44477978348731995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.43478211760520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41992390155792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2983136773109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.2334890067577362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sii.2013.6776664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sii.2013.6776664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2011300003","https://openalex.org/W2025221023","https://openalex.org/W2030562279","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2048747516","https://openalex.org/W2051396567","https://openalex.org/W2053432263","https://openalex.org/W2054891869","https://openalex.org/W2072064926","https://openalex.org/W2082524889","https://openalex.org/W2094654793","https://openalex.org/W2096044434","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2130258210","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2158368908","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2952309856","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6683411478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999808563","https://openalex.org/W2166031825","https://openalex.org/W2046724945","https://openalex.org/W2918845005","https://openalex.org/W2040482211","https://openalex.org/W4224879220","https://openalex.org/W2999130902","https://openalex.org/W2058325696","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W1986803802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"considerable":[1],"amount":[2],"of":[3,56,73,82,120],"research":[4],"work":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"done":[8],"for":[9,34,50,191],"facial":[10,39,94,140,160,192],"expression":[11,40,161,193],"recognition":[12,52,164],"using":[13,67],"local":[14,28,35,47,64,95],"or":[15],"global":[16],"feature":[17,36],"extraction":[18],"methods.":[19],"Weber":[20],"Local":[21],"Descriptor":[22],"(WLD),":[23],"a":[24,101],"simple":[25],"and":[26,69,84,91,117,127,145,158,163,170,178,180],"robust":[27],"image":[29],"descriptor,":[30],"is":[31,48,153,166],"recently":[32],"developed":[33],"extraction.":[37],"In":[38,76],"recognition,":[41],"the":[42,46,51,63,74,80,106,113,124,132,146,174,185],"information":[43,66,86],"contained":[44],"in":[45],"important":[49],"result.":[53],"The":[54,150],"Histograms":[55],"Oriented":[57],"Gradients":[58],"(HOG)":[59],"can":[60],"well":[61],"describe":[62],"area":[65],"gradient":[68],"orientation":[70],"density":[71],"distribution":[72],"edge.":[75],"order":[77],"to":[78,92,138,168],"solve":[79],"lack":[81],"contour":[83],"shape":[85],"only":[87],"by":[88,142],"WLD":[89,107],"features":[90,96,126],"extract":[93,123],"more":[97],"efficiently,":[98],"we":[99],"propose":[100],"hybrid":[102],"approach":[103],"that":[104,184],"combines":[105],"with":[108,173],"HOG":[109],"features.":[110],"We":[111],"divide":[112],"images":[114],"into":[115],"blocks":[116],"weight":[118],"each":[119],"them,":[121],"then":[122],"two":[125],"fuse":[128],"them.":[129],"At":[130],"last,":[131],"weighted":[133],"fused":[134],"histograms":[135],"are":[136],"used":[137],"classify":[139],"expressions":[141],"chi-square":[143],"distance":[144],"nearest":[147],"neighbor":[148],"method.":[149],"proposed":[151,186],"method":[152,187],"applied":[154],"on":[155],"popular":[156],"JAFFE":[157],"Cohn-Kanade":[159],"databases":[162],"rate":[165],"up":[167],"93.97%":[169],"95.86%.":[171],"Compared":[172],"Gabor":[175],"Wavelet,":[176],"LBP,":[177],"AAM":[179],"experimental":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"achieves":[188],"better":[189],"performance":[190],"recognition.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}