{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200402642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639658","title":"Fraud detection of black pepper using metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors","display_name":"Fraud detection of black pepper using metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200402642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605007","display_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009318066","display_name":"Hui En Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-6761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96413208","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014cjmc76","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077","https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui En Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088243024","display_name":"Hong Siang Chua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-4178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96413208","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014cjmc76","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077","https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Siang Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045664440","display_name":"Zehnder Jarroop Augustine Mercer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112237","display_name":"Malaysian Cocoa Board","ror":"https://ror.org/020ttfd91","country_code":"MY","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112237"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehnder J. A. Mercer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Pepper Board, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Pepper Board, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072473256","display_name":"Sing Muk Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106414","display_name":"Forest Department Sarawak","ror":"https://ror.org/01n67jr26","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155290","display_name":"Sarawak Energy (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/005qv2b46","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155290"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sing Muk Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Development Department, Sarawak Energy Berhad, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Development Department, Sarawak Energy Berhad, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106414","https://openalex.org/I4387155290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073924831","display_name":"Mahnaz Shafiei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-1553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahnaz Shafiei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009318066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96413208"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81660723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12388","display_name":"Identification and Quantification in Food","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pepper","display_name":"Pepper","score":0.9373546838760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.45442652702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40230774879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.37136146426200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.329897940158844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2346501350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1409350037574768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776242653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22907699","display_name":"Pepper","level":2,"score":0.9373546838760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.45442652702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40230774879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37136146426200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.329897940158844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2346501350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1409350037574768}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605007","display_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980627576","https://openalex.org/W1988141293","https://openalex.org/W2094946501","https://openalex.org/W2112851690","https://openalex.org/W2114842526","https://openalex.org/W2160004653","https://openalex.org/W2171407646","https://openalex.org/W2549496195","https://openalex.org/W3011513289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2348255987","https://openalex.org/W216299563","https://openalex.org/W2383317600","https://openalex.org/W2374854175","https://openalex.org/W4247002034","https://openalex.org/W2389892717","https://openalex.org/W860838688","https://openalex.org/W2182072318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sarawak":[0,33,44],"black":[1,34,45,95,115,178,189,200,240,250],"pepper,":[2,190,201],"having":[3],"superior":[4],"quality":[5],"deserves":[6],"attracting":[7],"a":[8,37,56,72,164,174,213,228,238],"higher":[9],"market":[10],"price":[11],"compared":[12],"to":[13,24,42,86,101,126,162,231],"its":[14],"competitors.":[15],"This":[16],"highlights":[17],"the":[18,26,30,62,88,108,182,244],"importance":[19],"of":[20,29,32,50,64,81,94,113,135,139,167,177,188,195,205],"establishing":[21],"product":[22],"differentiation":[23],"protect":[25],"economic":[27],"interest":[28],"farmers":[31],"pepper.":[35,179],"Therefore,":[36],"simple":[38],"and":[39,143,198,221],"quick":[40],"method":[41],"authenticate":[43],"pepper":[46,96,116,144,241,251],"from":[47,55,67,121,124],"other":[48],"countries":[49],"origin":[51,63,109],"is":[52,84,100,207,247],"required,":[53],"especially":[54],"fraudulent":[57,175,239],"packaging":[58],"that":[59,212],"falsely":[60],"claim":[61],"others":[65],"as":[66,105],"Sarawak.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,103],"study,":[71],"metal":[73],"oxide":[74],"semiconductor":[75],"(MOS)":[76],"gas":[77,215],"sensors":[78,83,141],"array":[79],"consisting":[80],"four":[82,140],"used":[85],"capture":[87],"volatile":[89],"organic":[90],"compounds":[91],"(VOC)":[92],"profile":[93],"berries.":[97],"The":[98,209],"intention":[99],"use":[102],"signal":[104],"differentiator":[106],"for":[107,130,170,249],"determination.":[110],"A":[111],"total":[112],"600":[114],"berries":[117],"were":[118],"sampled":[119],"(300":[120],"Malaysia,":[122],"300":[123],"India)":[125],"generate":[127],"reference":[128],"data":[129,137],"fraud":[131,252],"detection.":[132],"Each":[133],"set":[134],"sample":[136,171],"consists":[138],"readings":[142],"berry":[145],"mass,":[146],"which":[147],"would":[148],"undergo":[149],"dimension":[150],"reduction":[151],"using":[152],"principal":[153],"component":[154],"analysis":[155,225],"(PCA),":[156],"followed":[157],"by":[158],"Na\u00efve":[159,222],"Bayes":[160,223],"classification":[161,224],"produce":[163,232],"color":[165],"map":[166],"posterior":[168],"possibilities":[169],"prediction":[172,183],"in":[173,192,237],"package":[176],"By":[180],"testing":[181],"model":[184],"against":[185],"five":[186],"mixtures":[187],"each":[191],"different":[193],"composition":[194],"Malaysia":[196],"(Sarawak)":[197],"India":[199],"an":[202],"overall":[203],"accuracy":[204],"84.8%":[206],"achieved.":[208],"results":[210,235],"confirms":[211],"MOS":[214],"sensing":[216],"system":[217],"integrated":[218],"with":[219],"PCA":[220],"methods":[226],"has":[227],"great":[229],"potential":[230],"reliable":[233],"geo-tracing":[234],"even":[236],"packaging,":[242],"hence":[243],"developed":[245],"methodology":[246],"suitable":[248],"detection":[253],"applications.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
