{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200625122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639566","title":"Self-supervised Underwater Source Localization based on Contrastive Predictive Coding","display_name":"Self-supervised Underwater Source Localization based on Contrastive Predictive Coding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200625122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605007","display_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101517324","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101564528","display_name":"Hefeng Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-9804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hefeng Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044813487","display_name":"Pierluigi Salvo Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6834-8482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierluigi Salvo Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016479568","display_name":"Martin Landr\u00f8","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4556-2667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Landro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0545,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92682927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7321001887321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6415848731994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6403226852416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5854675769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5739580392837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.5550372004508972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5338538885116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5086730122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5055534839630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4987318515777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.48579955101013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4210612177848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41926267743110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4189216196537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.30798959732055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1478857398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12402951717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12119528651237488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7321001887321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6415848731994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6403226852416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5854675769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5739580392837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.5550372004508972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5338538885116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5086730122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5055534839630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4987318515777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.48579955101013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4210612177848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41926267743110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4189216196537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.30798959732055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1478857398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12402951717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12119528651237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605007","display_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Sensors","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1772191655","https://openalex.org/W2108665656","https://openalex.org/W2530294173","https://openalex.org/W2584180403","https://openalex.org/W2930682606","https://openalex.org/W2936156425","https://openalex.org/W2981952041","https://openalex.org/W2989691494","https://openalex.org/W3004864307","https://openalex.org/W3031005739","https://openalex.org/W3094079453","https://openalex.org/W3103163183","https://openalex.org/W3114632476","https://openalex.org/W3155524922","https://openalex.org/W3157752331","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6676231525","https://openalex.org/W6761553608","https://openalex.org/W6844194202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W2909431601","https://openalex.org/W4294770367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,64],"work":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,21,51,60,69,81],"two-step":[4],"self-supervised":[5,23],"learning":[6],"scheme,":[7],"namely":[8],"contrastive":[9],"predictive":[10],"coding":[11],"(CPC),":[12],"for":[13,56],"underwater":[14],"source":[15,57],"localization.":[16],"In":[17,32],"the":[18,29,33,36,44,89,93,99,104],"first":[19],"step,":[20,35],"CPC-based":[22],"feature":[24,46],"extractor":[25,47],"is":[26,41,66],"trained":[27,45,55],"with":[28,38,50],"acoustic":[30],"signals.":[31],"second":[34],"encoder":[37],"frozen":[39],"parameters":[40],"taken":[42],"from":[43],"and":[48,80,96],"connected":[49],"multi-layer":[52],"perceptron":[53],"(MLP)":[54],"localization":[58],"on":[59,68],"small":[61],"labeled":[62],"dataset.":[63],"approach":[65],"evaluated":[67],"public":[70],"dataset,":[71],"SWellEx-96":[72],"Event":[73],"S5,":[74],"against":[75],"an":[76],"autoencoder":[77],"(AE)":[78],"scheme":[79,91],"purely":[82],"supervised":[83],"scheme.":[84],"The":[85],"results":[86],"indicate":[87],"that":[88],"CPC":[90],"has":[92],"best":[94],"performance":[95],"can":[97],"extract":[98],"slow-changing":[100],"features":[101],"related":[102],"to":[103],"source.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}