{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2810351023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/segah.2018.8401359","title":"Measuring the impact of reinforcement learning on an electrooculography-only computer game","display_name":"Measuring the impact of reinforcement learning on an electrooculography-only computer game","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2810351023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/segah.2018.8401359","mag":"2810351023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/segah.2018.8401359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/segah.2018.8401359","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 6th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022204062","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Perdiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6589-141X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joao Perdiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISR - Coimbra University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISR - Coimbra University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010345616","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Garrote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-3794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Garrote","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISR - Coimbra University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISR - Coimbra University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059959401","display_name":"Gabriel Pires","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126619","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar","ror":"https://ror.org/03gsfpp62","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126619"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Pires","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011728288","display_name":"Urbano Nunes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7750-5221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urbano J. Nunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEEC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEEC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022204062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7243,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70855958,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrooculography","display_name":"Electrooculography","score":0.6968120336532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6679356098175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6167282462120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-game","display_name":"Computer game","score":0.5641767978668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4754635691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.44222715497016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.22456815838813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.08477261662483215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420647","display_name":"Electrooculography","level":3,"score":0.6968120336532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6679356098175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6167282462120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020701032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Computer game","level":2,"score":0.5641767978668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4754635691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44222715497016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.22456815838813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.08477261662483215}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/segah.2018.8401359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/segah.2018.8401359","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 6th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1666243891","https://openalex.org/W1705154516","https://openalex.org/W1966564949","https://openalex.org/W1975911018","https://openalex.org/W1980832965","https://openalex.org/W1992532007","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W2003215225","https://openalex.org/W2034722664","https://openalex.org/W2042369473","https://openalex.org/W2060469061","https://openalex.org/W2092650945","https://openalex.org/W2119008333","https://openalex.org/W2120039084","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2126698740","https://openalex.org/W2138720855","https://openalex.org/W2146485236","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2239158726","https://openalex.org/W2528434762","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6678223806","https://openalex.org/W6690053035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210912933","https://openalex.org/W1562959674","https://openalex.org/W2923653485","https://openalex.org/W2957776456","https://openalex.org/W4224287422","https://openalex.org/W2952472710","https://openalex.org/W4255994452","https://openalex.org/W4206669594","https://openalex.org/W3005560120","https://openalex.org/W3037422413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3,59,82,179],"present":[4],"an":[5,36,193],"approach":[6],"for":[7,66],"detecting":[8],"ocular":[9,24,57],"movements,":[10,58],"based":[11,150],"on":[12,115,151],"Electrooculographic":[13],"(EOG)":[14],"signals,":[15],"that":[16,78,146,178,191,204],"can":[17],"have":[18],"applications":[19],"requiring":[20],"the":[21,42,53,63,68,98,101,109,135,171,175,182],"detection":[22],"of":[23,56,87,100,111,134,153,174],"events":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27,62,92],"saccades":[28,51],"and":[29,75,121,160,185],"blinks.":[30],"We":[31,187,201],"use":[32,60],"it":[33,88,91,125],"to":[34,46,84,96,107,122,157],"implement":[35],"interactive":[37],"go-kart":[38],"game":[39,116,136],"in":[40,195,211],"which":[41],"user's":[43],"goal":[44],"is":[45,72,199,216],"avoid":[47],"obstacles.":[48],"Since":[49],"horizontal":[50],"are":[52],"most":[54],"representative":[55],"them":[61],"main":[64],"input":[65,95],"driving":[67],"kart.":[69,102],"Eye":[70],"blinking":[71],"a":[73,93,127,141,161],"semi-autonomic":[74],"essential":[76],"function":[77],"occurs":[79],"naturally,":[80],"so":[81,177],"decided":[83],"take":[85],"advantage":[86],"by":[89,118],"using":[90],"secondary":[94],"control":[97,165],"speed":[99],"This":[103],"interface":[104],"allows":[105],"us":[106],"test":[108],"influence":[110],"machine":[112],"learning":[113],"techniques":[114],"operation":[117],"inexperienced":[119],"users":[120],"evaluate":[123],"whether":[124],"has":[126],"subjective":[128],"positive":[129],"impact.":[130],"Two":[131],"different":[132],"versions":[133,173],"were":[137],"implemented,":[138],"one":[139],"with":[140,163],"Reinforcement":[142],"Learning":[143],"Algorithm":[144],"(RLA)":[145],"moderates":[147],"users'":[148],"commands":[149],"outcomes":[152],"past":[154],"commands,":[155],"trying":[156],"prevent":[158],"collisions,":[159],"version":[162],"direct":[164],"(without":[166],"RLA).":[167],"Five":[168],"participants":[169],"tested":[170],"two":[172],"game,":[176],"could":[180],"compare":[181],"player's":[183],"performance":[184],"engagement.":[186],"obtained":[188],"promising":[189],"results":[190],"show":[192],"improvement":[194],"score":[196],"when":[197,214],"RL":[198,215],"applied.":[200],"also":[202],"found":[203],"players":[205],"do":[206],"not":[207],"experience":[208],"significant":[209],"changes":[210],"gameplay":[212],"feeling":[213],"introduced.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
