{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193358000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566277","title":"Digital Twins and Cyber Security \u2013 solution or challenge?","display_name":"Digital Twins and Cyber Security \u2013 solution or challenge?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193358000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566277","mag":"3193358000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566277","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 6th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CECNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/11864","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086188803","display_name":"David R. Holmes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-0373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Holmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security CRC and CSIRO's Data61, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security CRC and CSIRO's Data61, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687","https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060629924","display_name":"Maria Papathanasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7440-8485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Papathanasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029043022","display_name":"\u039b\u03ad\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leandros Maglaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Technology Institute, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Technology Institute, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026903935","display_name":"Mohamed Amine Ferrag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097536","display_name":"University of Guelma","ror":"https://ror.org/00xe6p546","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097536"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Amine Ferrag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guelma University, Guelma, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guelma University, Guelma, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082256444","display_name":"\u202aSurya Nepal\u202c","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surya Nepal","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO's Data61 and Cyber Security CRC, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO's Data61 and Cyber Security CRC, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035745103","display_name":"Helge Janicke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helge Janicke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security CRC, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security CRC, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086188803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687","https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9819024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5775219202041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5684836506843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5637562870979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5317869186401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"Digital transformation","score":0.46223244071006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4271164536476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27086183428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.19614070653915405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5775219202041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5684836506843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5637562870979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5317869186401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.46223244071006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4271164536476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27086183428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19614070653915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/seeda-cecnsm53056.2021.9566277","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 6th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CECNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworkspost2013-12870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/11864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2014 to 2021","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/21197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/handle/2086/21197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400394","display_name":"DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","host_organization_name":"De Montfort University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uth.gr:11615/73971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11615/73971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400243","display_name":"University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","host_organization_name":"University of Thessaly","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"6th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference, SEEDA-CECNSM 2021","raw_type":"conferenceItem"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworkspost2013-12870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/11864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2014 to 2021","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321836","display_name":"Cooperative Research Centres, Australian Government Department of Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/04k59bg10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336203","display_name":"Cyber Security Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187618570","https://openalex.org/W2346505350","https://openalex.org/W2518003110","https://openalex.org/W2790374560","https://openalex.org/W2803857222","https://openalex.org/W2886253469","https://openalex.org/W2890904471","https://openalex.org/W2914849365","https://openalex.org/W2922940182","https://openalex.org/W2944378519","https://openalex.org/W2988359971","https://openalex.org/W3006705980","https://openalex.org/W3012041784","https://openalex.org/W3015776049","https://openalex.org/W3033971127","https://openalex.org/W3088446467","https://openalex.org/W3095319230","https://openalex.org/W3132219296","https://openalex.org/W3134875698","https://openalex.org/W3160372581","https://openalex.org/W3167870516","https://openalex.org/W4205740992","https://openalex.org/W6726689900","https://openalex.org/W6791334229","https://openalex.org/W6791624331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382644535","https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2522768275","https://openalex.org/W2352938035","https://openalex.org/W2351672553","https://openalex.org/W2373392303","https://openalex.org/W3019776739","https://openalex.org/W2765894405","https://openalex.org/W1884735063","https://openalex.org/W2372668238"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0,57],"twin":[1,22,90,133],"technology":[2,63,91,134],"today":[3],"is":[4,12],"diverse":[5],"and":[6,8,29,49,72,103,135,148],"emerging":[7],"its":[9,107],"full":[10],"potential":[11],"not":[13],"yet":[14],"widely":[15],"understood.":[16],"The":[17,86],"concept":[18],"of":[19,31,74,88,129,153],"a":[20,42,62,154],"digital":[21,89,132,141],"allows":[23],"for":[24,140],"the":[25,75,99,113,127,138],"analysis,":[26],"design,":[27],"optimisation":[28],"evolution":[30],"systems":[32,130],"to":[33,45,53,60,126,144],"take":[34],"place":[35],"fully":[36],"digital,":[37],"or":[38],"in":[39,92],"conjunction":[40],"with":[41,116],"cyber-physical":[43],"system":[44],"improve":[46],"speed,":[47],"accuracy":[48],"efficiency":[50],"when":[51],"compared":[52],"traditional":[54,93],"engineering":[55],"approaches.":[56],"twins":[58,142],"continue":[59],"be":[61],"that":[64],"enables":[65],"new":[66],"paradigms,":[67],"such":[68,95],"as":[69,77,79,96],"Industry":[70],"4.0":[71],"Factories":[73],"Future":[76],"well":[78],"generating":[80],"improved":[81],"efficiencies":[82],"within":[83],"existing":[84],"systems.":[85],"development":[87],"industries":[94],"manufacturing,":[97],"construction,":[98],"automotive":[100],"industry,":[101],"agriculture":[102],"transportation":[104],"has":[105],"highlighted":[106],"potential,":[108],"but":[109],"often":[110],"insufficiently":[111],"explored":[112],"risks":[114,124,147],"associated":[115],"their":[117],"integration.":[118],"In":[119],"this":[120],"paper":[121],"we":[122],"explore":[123],"relating":[125],"cyber-security":[128,146],"employing":[131],"also":[136],"consider":[137],"opportunities":[139],"themselves":[143],"mitigate":[145],"become":[149],"an":[150],"integral":[151],"part":[152],"security":[155],"in-depth":[156],"defence.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T08:13:44.787528","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}