{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184417063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon52354.2021.9491624","title":"CALM: Contactless Accurate Load Monitoring via Modality Distillation","display_name":"CALM: Contactless Accurate Load Monitoring via Modality Distillation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184417063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon52354.2021.9491624","mag":"3184417063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/secon52354.2021.9491624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon52354.2021.9491624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357631","display_name":"Xiaoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-3119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118692353","display_name":"University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bj7sh33","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118692353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59499333","display_name":"Optica","ror":"https://ror.org/00jypd850","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["CN","KR","US","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XiaoYu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118692353","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087430145","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3389-8462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118692353","display_name":"University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bj7sh33","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118692353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59499333","display_name":"Optica","ror":"https://ror.org/00jypd850","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["CN","KR","US","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118692353","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057971831","display_name":"Nikolaos M. Freris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-3001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118692353","display_name":"University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bj7sh33","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118692353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59499333","display_name":"Optica","ror":"https://ror.org/00jypd850","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["CN","KR","US","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos M. Freris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118692353","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101583468","display_name":"Wangqiu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118692353","display_name":"University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bj7sh33","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118692353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59499333","display_name":"Optica","ror":"https://ror.org/00jypd850","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["CN","KR","US","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangqiu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118692353","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101786386","display_name":"Xing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9820-5886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118692353","display_name":"University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bj7sh33","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118692353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093776","display_name":"DHC Software (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00kn8e190","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093776"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["CN","KR","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guochuang software co., ltd, Anhui, China","LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guochuang software co., ltd, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093776"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118692353","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341802","display_name":"Xiang\u2010Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-6625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118692353","display_name":"University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bj7sh33","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118692353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59499333","display_name":"Optica","ror":"https://ror.org/00jypd850","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["CN","KR","US","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang-Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, USTC, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I59499333"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKE Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118692353","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7630922794342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.7131454944610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6505835056304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.5180163979530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4657021164894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4200112521648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32106199860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.264263778924942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7630922794342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7131454944610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6505835056304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.5180163979530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4657021164894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4200112521648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32106199860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.264263778924942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/secon52354.2021.9491624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon52354.2021.9491624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334953","display_name":"China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists","ror":"https://ror.org/01pab2602"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1834646128","https://openalex.org/W2002623096","https://openalex.org/W2006478669","https://openalex.org/W2020517213","https://openalex.org/W2067562626","https://openalex.org/W2099804727","https://openalex.org/W2111757915","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2135325991","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2545189634","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2574286572","https://openalex.org/W2598527303","https://openalex.org/W2804549124","https://openalex.org/W2903902573","https://openalex.org/W2904841534","https://openalex.org/W2952067596","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2980077929","https://openalex.org/W2982270340","https://openalex.org/W3010869478","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W6606938059","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6638894083","https://openalex.org/W6680195920","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6732610271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073713056","https://openalex.org/W3110702597","https://openalex.org/W2078761926","https://openalex.org/W2110441383","https://openalex.org/W2125620709","https://openalex.org/W1979131826","https://openalex.org/W2370066713","https://openalex.org/W1984979050","https://openalex.org/W2978161533","https://openalex.org/W2379338802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,12,26,63,70,81,153,165,186,201],"Smart":[4],"Grids":[5],"calls":[6],"for":[7,174],"a":[8,38,85,93,182],"more":[9],"in-depth":[10],"understanding":[11],"user":[13],"energy":[14],"consumption":[15],"behaviors,":[16],"based":[17,97],"on":[18,98,193],"large":[19],"data":[20],"volumes":[21],"collected":[22],"by":[23,130],"various":[24],"sources":[25],"sensors":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"voltmeter":[30],"and":[31,72,83,146,188],"ammeter.":[32],"Non-Intrusive":[33],"Load":[34],"Monitoring":[35],"(NILM)":[36],"is":[37,191],"single":[39,115,179],"sensor":[40],"solution,":[41,90],"which":[42,197],"can":[43,103],"effectively":[44],"disaggregate":[45],"individual":[46],"appliance":[47],"states":[48],"from":[49],"measurements":[50,101],"only":[51],"at":[52,60],"the":[53,56,61,78,110,118,148,151,163,199],"interface":[54],"to":[55,135,150,170],"power":[57,111],"source,":[58],"albeit":[59],"cost":[62],"requiring":[64],"circuit":[65],"modifications":[66],"thus":[67],"introducing":[68],"suspension":[69],"services":[71],"potential":[73],"safety":[74],"hazards.":[75],"To":[76],"overcome":[77],"undesirable":[79],"attribute":[80],"NILM":[82],"achieve":[84],"safe":[86],"yet":[87],"highly":[88],"accurate":[89],"we":[91],"devise":[92],"contactless":[94,157],"sensing":[95],"system":[96],"inductive":[99,119],"current":[100],"that":[102],"conduct":[104],"load":[105,159],"disaggregation":[106,160],"without":[107],"tampering":[108],"with":[109,178],"system.":[112],"Despite":[113],"using":[114],"modality,":[116],"i.e.,":[117],"current,":[120],"our":[121,154,202],"scheme":[122],"attains":[123],"state-of-the-art":[124],"accuracy":[125,185],"in":[126],"existing":[127],"multi-modality":[128,172],"datasets":[129],"leveraging":[131],"modality":[132],"distillation":[133],"technique":[134],"handle":[136],"arbitrary":[137],"input":[138,173],"structure.":[139],"Our":[140],"main":[141],"contributions":[142],"enlist:":[143],"(1)":[144],"devising":[145],"deploying":[147],"first,":[149],"best":[152],"knowledge,":[155],"purely":[156],"non-intrusive":[158],"system;":[161],"(2)":[162],"design":[164],"an":[166],"oracle-apprentice":[167],"network":[168],"structure":[169],"leverage":[171],"training,":[175],"while":[176],"operating":[177],"modality;":[180],"(3)":[181],"high":[183],"estimation":[184],"95.44%":[187],"96.21%,":[189],"respectively,":[190],"attested":[192],"two":[194],"public":[195],"datasets,":[196],"proves":[198],"efficiency":[200],"method.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
