{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047541174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon48991.2020.9158440","title":"CaraoKey : Car States Sensing via the Ultra-Wideband Keyless Infrastructure","display_name":"CaraoKey : Car States Sensing via the Ultra-Wideband Keyless Infrastructure","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047541174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon48991.2020.9158440","mag":"3047541174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/secon48991.2020.9158440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon48991.2020.9158440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 17th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042954303","display_name":"Avinash Kalyanaraman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avinash Kalyanaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015319775","display_name":"Yunze Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2081-0505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunze Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000366826","display_name":"Sushanta Mohan Rakshit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushanta Rakshit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011247429","display_name":"Vivek Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-1265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1447,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78240371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.6735283136367798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.507651686668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3749922811985016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22407367825508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1416279673576355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.6735283136367798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.507651686668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3749922811985016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22407367825508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1416279673576355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/secon48991.2020.9158440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/secon48991.2020.9158440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 17th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595851582","https://openalex.org/W1593865393","https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W1989207420","https://openalex.org/W2053452380","https://openalex.org/W2100240506","https://openalex.org/W2126541908","https://openalex.org/W2129519039","https://openalex.org/W2172093107","https://openalex.org/W2345136132","https://openalex.org/W2394945029","https://openalex.org/W2472986878","https://openalex.org/W2727639087","https://openalex.org/W2754559896","https://openalex.org/W2874356750","https://openalex.org/W2884139288","https://openalex.org/W2901996608","https://openalex.org/W2909029109","https://openalex.org/W2932728020","https://openalex.org/W2956474113","https://openalex.org/W4213054959","https://openalex.org/W4253510307","https://openalex.org/W6635470410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3112081258","https://openalex.org/W1480343695","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2315892906","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automobile":[0],"manufacturers":[1,33],"are":[2,34],"building":[3,124],"cars":[4,20,41],"with":[5,193],"passive":[6],"keyless":[7,69,90],"entry":[8],"support":[9],"\u2013":[10],"the":[11,23,59,83,88,99,104,117,130,179],"ability":[12],"for":[13,68],"users":[14],"to":[15,43,46,102],"unlock":[16],"and":[17,49,144,156,163,199],"start":[18],"their":[19,27,44,50],"while":[21,166],"having":[22],"car":[24,32,108,191],"keys":[25],"\"in":[26],"pockets\".":[28],"In":[29,54],"this":[30,55,78],"regard,":[31],"currently":[35],"installing":[36],"Ultra-Wideband":[37],"(UWB)":[38],"radios":[39,65,101],"in":[40],"owing":[42],"robustness":[45],"relay":[47],"attacks":[48],"precise":[51],"ranging":[52],"estimates.":[53],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,80],"explore":[58],"possibility":[60],"of":[61,106,151,171],"using":[62,196,203],"these":[63],"UWB":[64,89,100,140],"(that":[66],"exist":[67],"entry)":[70],"as":[71,92,174],"an":[72],"orthogonal":[73],"sensing":[74],"modality.":[75],"To":[76],"test":[77],"hypothesis,":[79],"build":[81],"CaraoKey,":[82],"first":[84],"system":[85,148],"that":[86,135,185],"exploits":[87],"infrastructure":[91],"a":[93,107,125,146,168],"\"sensor\".":[94],"More":[95],"specifically,":[96],"CaraoKey":[97,186],"leverages":[98],"infer":[103],"state":[105],"(empty,":[109],"door,":[110],"window":[111],"or":[112],"trunk":[113],"open,":[114],"person":[115],"inside":[116],"car,":[118],"etc.).":[119],"It":[120],"does":[121],"so":[122],"by":[123,138],"multipath":[126],"profile":[127],"based":[128],"on":[129,178],"Channel":[131],"Impulse":[132],"Response":[133],"(CIR)":[134],"is":[136],"computed":[137],"each":[139],"node.":[141],"We":[142],"design":[143],"implement":[145],"14-node":[147],"(a":[149],"superset":[150],"all":[152],"possible":[153],"node":[154],"locations)":[155],"evaluate":[157],"it":[158],"at":[159],"7":[160],"different":[161,190],"indoor":[162],"outdoor":[164],"locations":[165],"capturing":[167],"wide":[169],"range":[170],"factors":[172],"such":[173],"cars,":[175],"people,":[176],"walls":[177],"sides,":[180],"etc.":[181],"Our":[182],"results":[183],"indicate":[184],"can":[187],"distinguish":[188],"8":[189,197],"states":[192],"98%":[194],"accuracy":[195,202],"nodes,":[198],"nearly":[200],"94%":[201],"just":[204],"4":[205],"nodes.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}