{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133237601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409874","title":"Deep Learning Approach for Animal Classification and Detection: Leveraging ResNeXt, MaXViT and K-D Trees for Accurate and Scalable Wildlife Monitoring","display_name":"Deep Learning Approach for Animal Classification and Detection: Leveraging ResNeXt, MaXViT and K-D Trees for Accurate and Scalable Wildlife Monitoring","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133237601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409874"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409874","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409874","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042386980","display_name":"Kanda Patrick Tshinu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanda Patrick Tshinu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tshwane University of Technology,Computer Systens Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tshwane University of Technology,Computer Systens Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127821161","display_name":"Chunling Tu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunling Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tshwane University of Technology,Computer Systens Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tshwane University of Technology,Computer Systens Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091983597","display_name":"Owolawi Pius Adewale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owolawi Pius Adewale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tshwane University of Technology,Computer Systens Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tshwane University of Technology,Computer Systens Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113776693","display_name":"A. Croxton Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonie Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tshwane University of Technology,Electrical Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tshwane University of Technology,Electrical Engineering,Pretoria,South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78099174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"88","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.07039999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.06759999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7267000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6366000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nestedness","display_name":"Nestedness","score":0.35339999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7562999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7267000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6366000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780267512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997828","display_name":"Nestedness","level":3,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409874","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409874","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.47837498784065247,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1680479358","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2768556559","https://openalex.org/W2769210209","https://openalex.org/W2787323722","https://openalex.org/W2883386984","https://openalex.org/W2912026785","https://openalex.org/W2954932437","https://openalex.org/W2958344851","https://openalex.org/W3021149211","https://openalex.org/W3034669389","https://openalex.org/W3157429286","https://openalex.org/W3194775834","https://openalex.org/W4205636437","https://openalex.org/W4223897249","https://openalex.org/W4226193045","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4295122555","https://openalex.org/W4308452363","https://openalex.org/W4312847199","https://openalex.org/W4313133912","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W4394715353","https://openalex.org/W4401049397","https://openalex.org/W4407941054","https://openalex.org/W4415797510"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,85],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,13,35,82,99,123],"hybrid":[4,55],"deep":[5],"learning":[6],"framework":[7,107],"that":[8,26,105],"unites":[9],"Tree-ResNeXt,":[10],"MaxViT,":[11],"and":[12,19,63,89,115,142,154],"K-Dimensional":[14],"(KD)":[15],"Tree":[16],"for":[17,150],"fast":[18],"accurate":[20],"wildlife":[21],"monitoring.":[22],"Unlike":[23],"previous":[24],"studies":[25],"simply":[27],"combine":[28],"existing":[29],"models,":[30],"this":[31],"work":[32],"focuses":[33],"on":[34,98,122],"novel":[36],"adaptive":[37],"fusion":[38],"mechanism":[39],"where":[40],"Tree-ResNeXt":[41],"dynamically":[42],"adjusts":[43],"its":[44],"cardinality":[45],"to":[46],"match":[47],"the":[48,51,54,71,106,140,145,148],"complexity":[49],"of":[50,57,144],"features,":[52],"while":[53],"attention":[56],"MaxViT":[58],"extracts":[59],"both":[60],"local":[61],"textures":[62],"global":[64],"context.":[65],"The":[66],"integrated":[67],"KD-Tree":[68],"operates":[69],"within":[70],"inference":[72],"stage,":[73],"refining":[74],"detections":[75,92,118],"through":[76],"spatial":[77],"consistency":[78],"rather":[79],"than":[80],"as":[81],"post-processing":[83],"step.":[84],"synergy":[86],"improves":[87],"accuracy":[88],"reduces":[90],"redundant":[91],"in":[93,147],"complex":[94],"natural":[95],"scenes.":[96],"Experiments":[97],"28":[100],"K":[101],"-image":[102],"dataset":[103],"show":[104],"achieves":[108],"98.2%":[109],"accuracy,":[110],"outperforming":[111],"ResNet50":[112],"by":[113,119],"3.8%":[114],"reducing":[116],"duplicate":[117],"40%.":[120],"Deployed":[121],"Jetson":[124],"AGX":[125],"Orin,":[126],"it":[127],"runs":[128],"at":[129],"23":[130],"FPS":[131],"with":[132],"32%":[133],"lower":[134],"memory":[135],"usage.":[136],"These":[137],"results":[138],"highlight":[139],"scalability":[141],"readiness":[143],"model":[146],"real-world":[149],"automated":[151],"ecological":[152],"monitoring":[153],"precision":[155],"livestock":[156],"management.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}
