{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133216567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409869","title":"Efficient Deep Learning for Biometrics: Overview, Challenges and Trends in Ear of Frugal AI","display_name":"Efficient Deep Learning for Biometrics: Overview, Challenges and Trends in Ear of Frugal AI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133216567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409869"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125566147","display_name":"Karim Haroun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094115","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique Algorithmique: Fondements et Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/00pbqgm18","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4210094115","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48825208","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris 8","ror":"https://ror.org/04wez5e68","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48825208"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Haroun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48825208","https://openalex.org/I4210094115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127940446","display_name":"Aya Manel Zitouni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094115","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique Algorithmique: Fondements et Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/00pbqgm18","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4210094115","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48825208","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris 8","ror":"https://ror.org/04wez5e68","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48825208"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aya Manel Zitouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48825208","https://openalex.org/I4210094115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125512573","display_name":"Aicha Zenakhri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094115","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique Algorithmique: Fondements et Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/00pbqgm18","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4210094115","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48825208","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris 8","ror":"https://ror.org/04wez5e68","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48825208"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aicha Zenakhri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48825208","https://openalex.org/I4210094115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062492508","display_name":"Meriem Amel Guessoum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133097027","display_name":"Higher National Veterinary School","ror":"https://ror.org/02jk75847","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133097027"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091172","display_name":"National Higher School of Statistics and Applied Economy","ror":"https://ror.org/00cepgz04","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091172"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131452","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale d'Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02x0y0j09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131452"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meriem Amel Guessoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["National High School of Artificial Intelligence (ENSIA),Algiers,Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National High School of Artificial Intelligence (ENSIA),Algiers,Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091172","https://openalex.org/I4210131452","https://openalex.org/I3133097027"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124082950","display_name":"Larbi Boubchir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094115","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique Algorithmique: Fondements et Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/00pbqgm18","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4210094115","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48825208","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris 8","ror":"https://ror.org/04wez5e68","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48825208"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larbi Boubchir","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Paris 8,LIASD research Lab.,,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48825208","https://openalex.org/I4210094115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66078917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"45","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.08299999684095383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.08299999684095383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.07900000363588333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.06030000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.888700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.3167000114917755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.888700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7116000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5146999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds68531.2025.11409869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2407386500","https://openalex.org/W2783538964","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2962677625","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964248614","https://openalex.org/W2998218113","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3035725276","https://openalex.org/W3047681172","https://openalex.org/W3085139254","https://openalex.org/W3156436407","https://openalex.org/W3199597982","https://openalex.org/W4312412605","https://openalex.org/W4312707063","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4315699675","https://openalex.org/W4327980618","https://openalex.org/W4380682655","https://openalex.org/W4382467688","https://openalex.org/W4388635537","https://openalex.org/W4396773640","https://openalex.org/W4398250170","https://openalex.org/W4402230126","https://openalex.org/W4402337959","https://openalex.org/W4402349845","https://openalex.org/W4402508059","https://openalex.org/W4407433209","https://openalex.org/W4407667372","https://openalex.org/W4409101208","https://openalex.org/W4413363127","https://openalex.org/W4413420204","https://openalex.org/W4414206315"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2],"deep":[3,73,91,102],"learning,":[4,146],"whether":[5],"on":[6,59],"discriminative":[7],"or":[8],"generative":[9],"tasks":[10],"have":[11],"been":[12],"beneficial":[13],"for":[14,63,76,110,125,130],"various":[15,100],"applications,":[16],"among":[17],"which":[18,46],"security":[19],"and":[20,29,51,89,94,123,127],"defense.":[21],"However,":[22],"their":[23,48],"increasing":[24],"computational":[25],"demands":[26],"during":[27],"training":[28,88],"deployment":[30],"translates":[31],"directly":[32],"into":[33],"high":[34],"energy":[35],"consumption.":[36],"As":[37],"a":[38,42,55,96],"consequence,":[39],"this":[40,67],"induces":[41],"heavy":[43],"carbon":[44],"footprint":[45],"hinders":[47],"widespread":[49],"use":[50],"scalability,":[52],"but":[53],"also":[54],"limitation":[56],"when":[57,87],"deployed":[58],"resource-constrained":[60],"edge":[61],"devices":[62],"real-time":[64],"use.":[65],"In":[66],"paper,":[68],"we":[69,80,106,134],"briefly":[70],"survey":[71],"efficient":[72,101],"learning":[74,92,103],"methods":[75],"biometric":[77],"applications.":[78],"Specifically,":[79],"tackle":[81],"the":[82,99,112],"challenges":[83],"one":[84],"might":[85],"incur":[86],"deploying":[90],"approaches,":[93],"provide":[95],"taxonomy":[97],"of":[98,114],"families.":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"discuss":[107],"complementary":[108],"metrics":[109,129],"evaluating":[111],"efficiency":[113],"these":[115],"models":[116],"such":[117],"as":[118],"memory,":[119],"computation,":[120],"latency,":[121],"throughput,":[122],"advocate":[124],"universal":[126],"reproducible":[128],"better":[131],"comparison.":[132],"Last,":[133],"give":[135],"future":[136],"research":[137],"directions":[138],"to":[139],"consider.":[140],"Index":[141],"Terms-Frugal":[142],"AI,":[143],"Efficient":[144],"Deep":[145],"Biometrics.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}
